相遇皆是缘分

语法已完结

为了逼迫自己坚持学英语,每周定期更新英文学习情况

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文档的 本配套视频 湖北升本信息服务中心“升本核心语法”(2021~2022年 视频赞助商“老熊”)

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前言:学英文!只许成功,不许失败! 

这个文档用于快速回顾和复习所学的英文内容 与 书对应看更有效果

第一章-简单句(p1)

考点

1 2 3 是专升本主要考点

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1." 主+谓(s+v)"   【考点】
例:
time flies 时光飞逝

提问: the girl pretty ? (这句对嘛)

不对,the girl 是主语,pretty 不是动词(谓语),是形容词 pretty(漂亮的、可爱的)


2." 主+谓+宾 " 【考点】
例:
we never beat children 我们从来不打孩子



【句子】
I Love three things , the sun , the moon and you .
The sun for the day , the moon for the night,
and you, forever.

我爱三件事,(我爱)太阳,(我爱)月亮 (我爱)你,
(我爱)白天的太阳 ,(我爱)晚上的月亮 ,(我爱)你永恒


提问:政府保护人民?

the government protects people
|
主语单三 谓语也单三 + s


复习:
第三人称单数(除了我/我们,除了你/你们,以外 单数形式的第三人称 )【一般现在时态】
1.人称代词he,she,it 作主语时
2.单个人名、地名 作主语时
3.单数可数名词或“this/that/the+单数可数名词” 作主语时
4.不定代词someone,somebody,nobody,everything,something等及指示代词this,that 作主语时
5.不可数名词 作主语时
6.当数字或字母 作主语时

/*
第三人称单数顺口溜:

动词三单现在时,一般词尾加S、S、X、CH、SH 在词尾,直接加上es
(I kiss,he kisses;I fix,he fixes;I wash,he washes;I watch,he watches)

词尾若是字母O,加上es不用愁(I do,he does;I go,he goes)。

词尾若是辅音加y,变y为i是正规,es在后紧跟随,(study——studies)

否定疑问请does,动词直接用原型。

特殊情况,have的第三人称单数为has
*/


3." 主+系+表 " 【考点】
例:
I am very angry 我很生气


【句子】
what is love? 什么是爱?
in Math : love is a problem 在数学里 爱是一个问题
in History : love is a war 在历史里 爱是一场战争
in Chemistry : love is a reaction 在化学里 爱是一种反应
in Art : love is heart 在艺术里 爱是一颗心
in me : love is you 在我这(在我的世界里) 爱是你


复习:
系动词( am , is , are)
/*
我用am,你用are,
is连着他,她,它;
单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。
变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。
变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记。
疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。
*/


提问: you are study english? 对错?

错,are 是系动词,study 是动作型动词应该作谓语动词, 主谓宾 和 主系表 水火不相容的句型,系动词和谓语动词不能同时存在一个句子里


翻译:
Truth is the daughter of time
| | |
主 系 表
真理是时间的女儿(时间见真理)

Every minute counts (count 数数、计数、包括、重要)
| |
主(单三) 谓 (单三)
每一分钟都很重要(分秒必争)

Faith can remove mountains
| | |
主 谓 宾

信心(信念)能移开大山(愚公移山)

了解

4 5 非升本考点 简单了解 (四级及以上要考)《英文入门语法笔记-泽》更为详细

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4." 主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 "  
(间接为人,直接为物,这里的谓语动词也都是些特殊的,并不是所有的谓语动词都可以,有要求)
直接宾语:指物的名词
间接宾语:承受对象

例:
he bought his sister a piano. 他给他的妹妹买了一架钢琴 (事情已经发生了过了,之前已经买了)
| |谓 间接 直接
主 buy 过去式

she wrote him a long letter. 她给他写了一封长的信
| |谓 间接 |
主 write 直接
过去式


常见的双宾动词:bring give hand lend offer owe read sell send tell


5."主 + 谓 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语"
(宾语补足语 是 宾语 的补充与说明使句子更具体,宾语补足语 和 宾语 一般指同向一个人或物或事)
例:
I call she my girlfriend 我称她为我的女朋友 (她 和 女朋友 是同一个人)
| | | |
主 谓 宾 宾补

the story makes me happy 这个故事让我快乐(happy 快乐,谁快乐? 我快乐,me)
|单三 |单三 | |
主 谓 宾 宾补


/*
有意思的一个问题? 如何分辨 “双宾动词” 和 “宾语补足语”

方法一:
宾补 : 主语+特殊动词+宾语+宾补(“名词”作“宾补”) 宾补 : 主语+特殊动词+宾语+宾语

双宾 : 宾语 与 宾补 一般都是指的同一个 人 或 物 双宾 : 要求 一个 宾语 是人,一个是 宾语 是物


方法二:
be动词法则即动词后的两个成分中间加入be(am、is、are)句意符合逻辑为“宾补”,不符合即为“双宾”
例:
I found the book easy 我发现这本书很有趣
I found the book is easy 光看后半句(the book is easy)这本书是很有趣的

He bought his sister a piano 他给他的妹妹买了一架钢琴
He bought his sister is a piano 光看后半句就离谱(his sister is a piano)他的妹妹是一架钢琴

*/

作业

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1.分析句子成分,并标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种
1)the meeting lasted 会议持续 主谓
| 谓
主(meet现在分词) 现在进行时态

2)she likes English 她喜欢英文 主谓宾
| 谓单三 宾
主单三 一般现在时态

3)he is silent at he meeing. 他在会议上很安静 主系表
主 系 表 介词短语作地点状语

4)he passed me a cup of tea 他递给了我一杯茶 主谓双宾
主 | 间宾 直宾 me is a cup of tea 我是一杯茶
谓(过去分词)

5)My sister helped me do my homework 我的姐姐帮我做家庭作业 主谓宾 宾补
主 | 宾 宾补 (特殊句型的宾补)
谓(过去分词)
固定句型:"help sb do sth" 帮人某人做某事

6)his face was(went) red. 他的脸很红的 主系表
主 系 表

7)he made the boy cry again 他再一次造成男孩哭泣 主谓宾宾补
主 谓 宾 宾补 ____谓语动词:摸
|
8)he felt the book with his right hand 他用右手摸了这本书 主谓宾 feel
主 |谓 宾 |
feel过去式 ————系动词:摸上去

9)the silk is soft 丝绸是柔软的 主系表
主 系 表

10)she bought me a book 她给我买了一本书 主谓双宾
她 谓 间宾 直宾


2.把下列中文翻译成英文,并标明属于五种基本句型的哪五种。
1)天正在下雨 【主谓】
sky raining(自己写的错误) 分析:老外喜欢用"it"来代表天、天气
it is raining(正确)

2)昨天我们在农场上种了很多树 【主谓宾】
we planted many tree in farm yesterday (自己写的错误)
分析:很多树 tree 没加s, 介词In... 在...里面 介词on... 在...上 ,可数名词单数 farm ,不能单独使用,加 限定词

we planted many trees on the farm yesterday(正确)

3)他送了她一些花 【主谓双宾】
he gives she some flowers (自己写的 正确)
注意:单三 谓语

4)他的计划最后证明是成功的
his plan proves to be successful (in the end) (正确,括号内是自己加的 感觉要加)
固定搭配:"prove to be + adj" 证明怎么样

5)他们刚结婚
they have just married (正确) 【主谓】
完成时态

6)我们已把我们所有的朋友都邀请来了
we have invited all of our friends to come (正确) 【主谓宾】
完成时态

7)我听见有人在隔壁弹钢琴
i hear someone playing the piano next door (正确)
固定搭配:"hear sb doing sth" 听见某人做某事

8)sally为她的错误道了歉
sally is sorry for her mistake 【主系表】 (正确)
sally apologies for her mistake 【主谓】 (正确)
固定搭配:" be sorry for..." 为...道歉

9)他们已经接受了我们的邀请 【主谓宾】
they have accepted our invitation
完成时态

10)她从不撒谎 【主谓】
she never lies
一般现在时态 单三

第二章-情态动词(p8)

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you love me			  你爱我
you must love me. 你必须爱我
you may love me. 你可能爱我
you should love me. 你应该爱你

"情态动词":给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法

/* 用法:不能独立作谓语,必需和动词原型一起 */
例:
I can jump 我会跳
she could speak French 我会说法语

提问:he can watched the TV ? 错 watched 不是动词原型
he can homework ? 错 homework 是名词,不是动词原型

一、情态动词基本用法(p9)

can / could / be able to可以
may / might可能
must必须
should应该
will / shall将来 shall:多用于第一人称
would想要
need需要

1–can / could / be able to

考的多

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1.【表示“能力”】		  can	一般现在 / 一般过去     be able to   各种时态
" can & could & be able to "
could 这里是 can的 一般过去
is / am / are able to 一般现在
was / were able to 一般过去
will be able to 一般将来
例:
Can you lift this heavy box?
I couldn’t understand what he said
I am able to teach English


be able to 强调通过努力的(不容易/费劲 能做到)
can 强调自身具有的(轻松/容易 能做到)

例:
I can speak Chinese (中国人说中文 ,母语习得,本身就会了)
I am able to speak English (中国人通过后天努力学习后,可能才会英语)




2.【表“许可”】 一般现在
can 与 may 意思一致可以互换
例:
you can(may)go home now. 你现在可以回家了



3.【表语气婉转 “请求”】
could 不是 can 过去式
couldw 语气更委婉 can 语气强硬些
例:
can you stand up 老师对学生说:“你能站起来吗?”
could you stand up 老师对领导说:“(麻烦)您能站起来吗”


"真题解析"
The fire spread through the botel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to B.would C.could D. was able to

翻译:大火很快蔓延到整个酒店,但是每个人都逃了出来

the fire 火是可数名词且单三,在一般现在时态里,谓语动词也要变单三 spreads,
spread原型与过去式相同,这里是过去式, 遇到火灾然后逃走,是一种能力的表现
去掉 A,B C 强调自身... ,D 强调努力后... 应该是 努力逃跑后获得安全 选 D

2–may / might

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1.【可能,也许】(表示可能性,一般学用于肯定句 , may not 译为“可能不”)
might 这里是 may 的过去式


2.【可能】(表示可能性,一般学用于肯定句 , may not 译为“可能不”)
might 和 may 之间没有时态关系,might 不是 may 的过去式 都表示 可能性
may 语气强 可能性大些
might 语气弱些 可能性小些


这两种情况下 may / might 意思相同 ,但用法却有不同,需要通过 语境来判别

例:
I may / might go to New York tomorrow. 我明天可能去纽约
这里有个 tomorrow 明天 属于将来时态,而 may / might 都可以用,证明是第二种情况

He may / might not come tomorrow 他明天可能不来
跟上面情况一样

He said that he might attend the meeting 他说他可能出席会议
谓宾 said say过去式 that he might attend the meeting 是宾语从句,只能用might


/*
如果主句使用一般过去时的情况下宾语从句中只能用 might 不能用 may
例:
might
I thought I _____ win 5 million 我想我可能中了5百万
thought 是 think 的过去式, I might win 5 million 是一个宾语从句


*/


3.【可以】(表示许可、请示) can 与 may 可以互换 意思相同
例:
you may/can go home now. 你现在可以回家了
man/can/might/could I use this doictionary? 我可以用下这本字典吗?


4.【祝愿】(表示希望,祈求,祝愿,常用句式:may + sb + 动词原形 + 其他) 考的少
例:
may you have a good time! 祝你过得愉快

3–must /have to

考的多

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/*
用法: must + 动词原型
*/


1.【必须,一定】(表示主观看法)
have to : 不得不,一定 (表示客观)
例:
We must studey hard and make progress every day 我们必须好好学习,天天向上


"must引导一般疑问句及回答"
问: Must we finish the work tomorrow? 明天我们必须完成工作吗?
1:Yes,you must. 是的,你必须完成
2:No,you needn’t / don’t have to 不,你不需要
but you must finish it within three days. 但是你必须在三天之内完成。


2.【must否定形式 must not】(缩写为 mustn’)
表示“不准” 或 “禁止” 之意
例:
You mustn’t touch the fire 禁止碰火
You munst’t take the book out of the library 禁止把那本书拿出图书馆



3.【肯定,一定】(表示有“把握的推测”,用于肯定句,指百分百确定,一定做了某事)
例:
the book must be Mike’s for his name is on it. 那本书一定是麦克的,因为他的名字在上面


4.【must 和 have to 区别】
都有“必须”的含义,must 侧重说话人的主观看法,而have to 则表示客观,常译为“不得不”
must 没有人称及时态变化,而have to 则有人称及时态变化

have to 一般现在 had to 过去式 has to 单三

例:
He told me I had to do according to what he said 他告诉我,我不得不根据他说的去做
|
tell 过去式

she has to go to school because the holiday is over. 他不得不去上学,因为假期结束了


4–should / ought to

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1.【应该】
ought to 的语气要更强一些
例:
He should take care of his parents as they are too old to live on themselves.
take care of 照顾 句型:too adg(形容词)to do 太...以至于不能
他应该照顾他的父母,因为他们太老了以至于不能自己生活

Such things ought not to be allowed 这样的事不应该被允许

"ought to 的一般疑问句及回答"
问: ought he to go? 他应该去吗? ought 放前面
1:Yes,he ought to 是的,他应该去
2:No,he oughtn’t to 不,他不应该去

5–shall

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1.【可不可以,表“征求意见,请求”】 第一人称 (多用)
例:
Shall I open the door? 我可以把门打开吗?


2.【禁止、命令、警告】 第二、三人称
例:
you shall do what I tell you(to do). 我叫你干什么你就干什么。

6-- will / would

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1.【征求意见,请求】		第二人称 (多用)
would you ...? 与 will you ...? 同义,前者表示客气的请求
例:
would you please be quiet? 请您安静一些,好吗?

句型: would you do sth ? 你是否愿意

7–need

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1.【需要】   “情态动词”
常用于否定句:sb + needn’t + 动词原型 ,译为“没有必要做...”
例:
he needn’t worry about us now
他现在没必要担心我们了

"真题"
you____return the book now.You can keep it till next week if you like
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
能力(不能) 禁止 不需要 可能不

翻译:
你现在____归还这本书,如果你愿意,可以留到下个星期


2.【需要】 “实义动词” 考得多
常用句式有两种:
人做主语,后面接动词不定式, sb need to do sth 译为:需要去做某事
例:
I need to learn English 我需要去学英语

物做主语,可用主动表被动 sth need doing = sth need to be done 译为:需要被...
例:
This book needs reading 这本书需要被读
This book needs to be read(read 过去式)


"真题"
This sentence needs _____
A. is improving B. improve
C. improving D. improved

翻译: 这个句子需要_____

8–dare (不考)

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1.【敢】 作情态动词时,主要用于否定句,疑问句和条件从句中
例:
Dare he break the traffic regulations again?
他敢再一次违反交通规则吗?


2.【敢】作实义动词,有人称和时态变化,常用句式:dare to do sth 译为:敢于做某事
例:
she dares to stay at home alone at night.
她敢晚上独自一人待在家

9–had better

考得多

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1.【最好...】
肯定句型: had better do sth. 译为: 最好做某事
否定句型: had better not do sth 译为: 最好别做某事
例:
you’d better go to hospital at once. at once 立刻、马上
你最好立刻去医院

you’d beeter not go out today,had you?
你今天最好别出门,好吗?

we had better go back now
我们现在最好回去


/*
had better 常和人称代词一起缩写
we had better = we’d better
you had better = you’d better
*/

10–used to

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1.【表示“过去常常做某事”】
常用句型:used to do(动词原型)
例:
Lucy used to be short but she is much taller now.
露西过去很矮,但现在她高了很多

I used to live in Beijing
我过去住在北京

二、情态动词表推测(p11)

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"真题"
I told Sally how to get there,but perhaps I_____for her.
A.had to write it out B.must have witten it our
C.should have written it out D.ought to write it out


一【情态动词表推测主要有】
1.must表肯定推测,倾向于百分百确定,用于肯定句,译为“一定”
2.can not = can’t 表否定推测,译为“不可能”
3.may/might/can 表不确定推测,mqy/might 一般用于陈述句,can一般用于疑问顺,译为“可能”
4.should/ought to 译为“应该” 这里的这个“应该”的意思中带有责任意义(比如说:你应该照顾你的父母,你不应该践踏草坪等等)(你应该喜欢我,这句话显然就没有责任意义)




二【表示对现在或将来的推测】 must can may misht
" 句型:主语 + 情态动词 + 动词原型 "
His mother must be cooking now 现在他妈妈肯定在做饭
His father can’t be at home now 现在他爸爸不可能(肯定没)在家
She may/might come tomorrow 明天他可能来
Can the book be hers? 这本书可能是她的?
She should/ought to pass her chemistry final. 她应该通过了化学期末考试


三【表示对过去的推测】
" 句型:主语 + 情态动词 + have done(动词过去分词) "
The road is wet . It must have rained yester day
马路是湿的,昨天一定是下雨了

He can’t have said such a foolish thing
他不可能说这样的蠢的事

Mr.Lin did’t come to work,so he may/might have been ill
林先生没来上班,所以他可能是生病了

Sonia should have arrived at home by now
索妮亚现在应该到家了


"题目"
1.She____ be ill because I saw her playing tennis just now
A.can’t B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t D.dare not
不可能 禁止 不应该生病(责任意义) 不敢
翻译:她____生病因为我刚才看见她正在打网球


2.I_____my wallet when I was shopping in the store
A.must have dropped (一定丢了) B.should have dropped(应该丢了)责任意义
C.could drop D.outht to have dropped (应该丢了)责任意义

翻译:我____我的钱包,当我在商场购物的时候


3.You____not have seen her yesteday,for she was abroad.
A.must B.should C.could D.would

翻译:你不可能看到她,昨天她已经出国了

三、情态动词用于虚假语气

表示没发生 或 不可能发生的事

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1.could have done 		能做某事,但没做
couldn’t have done 无能力做的事,但做到了

"题目"
He ______________ the task on time,but the heavy snow came.(finish)
could have finished

She _____________ the whole distance,but in fact she arrived ahead of time(cover)
couldn’t have covered



2.needn’t have done 不需要做,但做了

"题目"
She__________the meeting yesterday,but she did(attend)
needn’t have attended


3.sould/ought to have done 该做,而没有做
shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done 不该做,却做了

"题目"
The plant is dead.I_______it more water.(give)
should/ought to have given

I_______________that movie because it gave me horrible dreams
shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have watched


4.might have done 有可能做的事,却没做

"题目"
What a pity. Considering his ability and experience,he might have done(do的过去分词) better



【作业】
Tom ought not to _____ me your secret,but he meant not harm.
翻译:汤姆不应该告诉我你的秘密,但是他并不是恶意的
A..have told B.tell C.telling D.having told

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The plant is dead.I____it more water
翻译:植物已经死了.我之前应该给它许多水(浇水)
A.will give B.would have give C.must give D..should have given


作业

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1.Henry _______ be at home because he phoned me from the farm just now.    【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:Henry(人名)不可能在家因为他刚刚在农场里联系(打电话)我
A.mustn’t B.isn’t able to C.may not D..can’t
禁止 表能力,经常努力后的 可能不(不确定)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. ______ you pass me a pen? I’d like to write down the telephone number.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:你够传递我一支笔吗?我想要写下电话号码
A.Need B..Could C.Must D.Should

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.Sir,you _____ sit here, It’s for women or children only.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:先生,你不能够坐这里,这里只限坐妇女和儿童。
A.don’t B..can’t C.won’t D.needn’t
will+do 将来

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _______get out.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:大火很快蔓延到整个旅馆,不过每个人都努力的逃脱出来
A.had to B.would C.could D..was able to

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.She _______ be ill because I saw her playhing tennis just now.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:她不可能生病,因为我刚刚看见她正在打网球
A..can’t B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t D.dare not

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.I_____ my wallet when I was shopping in the store.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:之前在商场购物时我肯定丢了我的钱包
A..must have dropped B.should have dropped (责任意义)
C.could drop D.ought to have dropped(责任意义)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.I______to him because he called me up soon after.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:之前我不需要给他写信,因为他不久就给我打电话了
A. didn’t need write B.needn’t to write
C.. needn’t have written D.couldn’t have written

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.You_____not have seen her yesterday,for she was abroad.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:你一定不会看见她,昨天她出国了
A.must B.should C..can D.would

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.You _____return the book now.You can keep it till next week if you like.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:你不需要现在返回书,你可以保留它直到下周,如果你喜欢的话
A.can’t B.mustn’t C..needn’t D.may not

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10.He _____ you more help,even though he was very busy.
【用情态动词虚假语气】
翻译:他可以给你更多的帮助,即使他非常忙
A.may give B.might given C.may have given D..might have given
有可能做的事,却没做
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11.I told Sally how to get there,but perhaps I_____ for her.
【用情态动词虚假语气】
翻译:我告诉Sally如何去那里,但是也许我应该写给她
A.had to write it our B.must have written it our
C..shold have written it our D.ought to write it our

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12.Tom ought not to______me your secret,but he meant no harm.
【用情态动词虚假语气】
翻译:汤姆不应该告诉我你的秘密,但是他并不是恶意的
A..have told B.tell C.telling D.having told

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13.Must we finish the composition in class?
No,you_______. yes,you must
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:我们必须在班上完成作文吗?
A..neednt B.mustnt C.wont D.shouldnt

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14.The plant is dead.I____it more water.
【用情态动词虚假语气】
翻译:植物已经死了,我过去应该给它许多水
A.will give B.would have give C.must give D..should have given

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15.The dictionary ______ belong to Sam.You can see his name on it.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:这本字典肯定是Sam的,你可以看见字典上有他的名字
A.Can B..must C.need D.might

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16.Since nobody gave him any help,I am sure that he _______ have done he research on his own. on his own 独立的、靠自己
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:自从没有人给他任何帮助后,我确信那个研究他肯定是自己完成的
A.should B.would C.could D..must

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17.We_____ be careful with the words we say when we are angry.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:我们生气的时候我们应该小心的自己言辞
A.may B.can C.might D..should

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18.The Chinese government advocates that countries along the modern silk road ______ work togetcher and share future success.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:中国政府提倡丝当代调之路的沿线国家应该一起努力共享未来胜利
A.must B.might C..should D.could

/*
谓语动词是 advocate / suggest / order 情态动词一定是 should + 动词原型
提倡 建议 命令
*/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19.Who_____ it be that is knocking at the door?
It_____ be Father,but Im not sure.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:谁在敲门啊? 可能是神父吧,但是我不确定
A.can;must B..can;may C.must;can D.may;must

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20.It ______ be the postman at the door.
it’s only six o’ clock.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:在门口的不可能是邮差, 现在才六点钟
A.mustn’t B..can’t C.won’t D.needn’t

真题

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1. If you don’n like to swim,you _______ as well stay at home.
翻译:如果你不想去游泳,你不妨留在房间
固定搭配:may as well 不妨...
A. should B.. may C. can D.would

2.It______ about seven o’ clock when Tom returned home for it was already dark outside.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:一定是七点钟了,当汤姆回家外面已经黑了
A. must be B..must have been C.was to be D.had to be

3.Mary did not come to the party last night,and I think she _______ too much work to finish.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:玛瑞昨晚没有去聚会,我认为她必须完成很多的工作
A.must have B.had had C..must have had D.must be

4. You____ come to the meeting this afteroon if you have something important to do.
【用情态动词基本用法】
翻译:你下午不需要来参加会议,如果你有重要的事情要做
A.. needn’t B.mustn’t C. can D.may

5.Peter____come with us tonight,but he isn’t very sure yet.
【用情态动词表推测】
翻译:彼得今晚可能和我们在一起,但是他还不是很确定
A..may B.can C.will D.must

第三章-时态(p15)

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/*真题*/
Now the pollution caused by the increasing number of cars ____ more and more serious in many cities.
翻译:现在的污染是由于在许多城市里日益增长的汽车造成的
A. become B.became C..is becoming D.had become
一般现在时态 一般过去时态 现在进行时 过去完成时态



我昨天喜欢你。 I liked you.
我今天喜欢你。 I like you.
我明天喜欢你。 I will like you.

一般进行完成完成进行
过去一般过去 (looked / did)过去进行 (was/were doing )过去完成(had done)过去完成进行(have been studying)
现在一般现在 (look / do)[单三 looks / does]现在进行(am / is / are + doing)现在完成 (have / has done)现在完成进行 (have / has been doing)
将来一般将来 (will look / will do)将来进行 (will be + doing)将来完成(will / shall have done)将来完成进行 (by / have been watching)

一般时态

一般现在时态

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构成: 系动词 be 要用:am,is或are
实义动词:原型或第三人称单数 do / does

1. "表述客观真理、客观存在及自然现象"
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量
The earth moves around the sun 地球围绕太阳转
Columbus proved that the earth is round 哥伦布证明地球是圆的
|
\/
proved 是 prove 过去式, 为什么 be动词用 is 不用 was is的过去式
因为 that the earth is round 是一句客观真理、be动词
只受主语 earth 影响



2. "表示习惯性、经常性的动作"
常用的时间状语有:often(经常做) , usually(经常做) , always(总是做) , ometimes(偶尔做) , every day(每天做) , once a week(一周一做)

He always goes to work late, which makes the boss angry and disappointed
他总是上班迟到,这使得老板很生气对他很失望



3. "时间(when / before / affer / as soon as )、条件(if)、让步(although) 状语从句 中代替一般将来时态"
If it rains tomorrow ,we will not go on a picnis as planned.
如果明天下雨,我们将不会像计划一样去野餐
|
\/
看句子,明明是将来时态的句子 为什么 rains 用的是 单三 现在时态,
因为有 when / if / although 引导时,要用 现在时态 代替 将来时态 表达的还是将来时态的意思


/*题目*/
9.Please give Jim the schedule for tomorrow’s conference when he _____ back.
He is to chair the conference.
翻译:请给杰姆明天会议的日程安排当他回来的时候.他要去主持会议
【句型:将来时态 3.时间(when) 现在时态 代替 将来时态】
A. will come B.come C..comes D.came
将来 现在原型 现在 单三 过去

10.Mr.Smith is coming to visit us soon. We’d better get everything ready before he ____.
[句型:had better + do 最好...]
翻译:史密斯先生马上要来我们这参观.我们最好在他到达之前准备好每一件事件
【句型:将来时态 3.时间(before) 现在时态 代替 将来时态】
A..arrives B.arrive C.will arrive D.arrived
单三 现在 将来 过去

11.the teacher told us the earth _____ around the sun.
翻译:老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转
【句型:过去时态 1.表述客观真理、客观存在及自然现象】
A.move B.moved C.had moved D..moves
现在原型 过去 完成 单三




一般过去时态

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谓语构成:系动词 be 要用:was(am/is) 或 were(are)
实义动词:过去式-ed

1."表示过去发生的事或存在的状态 "
常用的时间状语有 yesterday(昨天) / last week(上周) / an hour ago(一个小时之前) / the other day(之前的某天) / in 1982 等。

Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday and had to stay at home for another day.
[句型:have to 不得不]
汤姆昨天突然生病了,他不得不呆在家里呆一天


2."表示过去一段时间经常性或习惯性的动作 "
句中常带有 every day , often , usually , always , sometimes 等时间状语

Mrs.Green went to the park to have a walk every day in the past.
过去Green女士每一天都去公园散步



3."表示时间、条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时 " 【非考点】
He said that he would call me as soon as he arrived in Beijing.
他说,他一到达北京就会给我打电话


一般将来时

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谓语构成:will do / shall do (用的少,用于第一人称) do是动词原型 系动词就是 be
常用时间状语有:tomorrow , next day(week,month),soon(很快) ,in a few minutes(几分钟之内) , the day after tomorrow (后天)等等

They will go to a concert this evening
这个晚上他们将去音乐会

I will/shall see you tomorrow about the new plan.
我将和你碰面谈论一下这个新计划


1." be going to do sth" 紧急

We are not going to stay there long.
我们不会在那呆太久

The boy is going to fall off this bike.
男孩将要从这个自行车上掉下来


2." be to do sth" 表示计划中约定的,或按职责去做的事,或即将发生的动作

We are to discuss the report next Saturday .
下周六我们将来讨论这个报告


3."be about to do sth" 表示不久或即将要发生的动作,不强调主观。

The train is about to leave.
火车即将离开

过去将来时

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【阅读理解会出现】
谓语构成:would do
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状语。这种时态一般出现在宾语从句和间接引语中。常用时间状语有 the next day , the followign day , ... later 等。

例:
He said that he would be fourteen next year.
他(过去)说他明年就14岁了。

' was / were going to do sth '
例:
I was told that he was going to return to Spain.
我(过去)被告知他将要回到西班牙了

' was / were to do sth '
例:
He said that he was to meet her at 10 o’clock in the street.
他(过去)说他10点钟将要和她在街道碰面

' was / were about to do sth '
例:
I was about to go to bed when he came to see me.
我(过去)正要睡觉,他来看我了

进行时态

现在进行时态

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谓语构成:am / is / are doing

1."表示现在(说话人说话时)正在发生或进行的动作或状态"
常用时间状语有 now(现在) , right now(现在,立刻) , at this moment(在此刻) , at present(此刻) 等。

例:
We are waiting for you now. 我们正在等你


/*真题*/
Now the pollution caused by the increasing number of care ______ more and more serious in many citis.
翻译:现在的污染是由于在许多城市里日益增长的汽车造成的
A. become B.became C..is becoming D.had become


2."表示现阶段发生的动作,说话时该动作未必正在进行" 目前一段时间在做某件事情或动作(这周我在锻炼)

例:
The famous writer is writing another novel these days.
著名的作家这些天正在写另一部小说



3."表示将要发生的动作" 很快/不久就会发生
有些动词 go , leave , start , begin , stop , arrive , return 等的进行时态与表示将来的时间状语连用,多指计划,安排好的事情

例:
Our course is starting at 8 o’clock. 我们的课程将8点开始
I am leaving tonight. 我今晚离开

/*题目*/
例:
The police ________ soon. police 是复数
3."表示将要发生的动作"
解析:当句子是将来时态,先考虑 will come , 没有退其次,再看现在进行时态 are coming(be+doing)
A. is coming B..are coming
C. has come D. have come

过去进行时

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谓语构成:was/were doing
常用时间状语有 then(当时、然后、那么) , at that moment(在那时) , at that time(在那时) , this time yesterday(昨天这个时候) 等。

"表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作"

例:
He was reading a book at that moment. 在那时我正在读书

When he called me , I was having dinner. 当他打电话我的时候,我正在吃晚餐
"*"】 when did 当...的时候

将来进行时

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谓语构成:will be + doing

1."表示将来某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作"

This time next week they will be having a meeting.
下周这个时候他们将要开会

Professor Smith will be giving another talk on environment at the same time next week.
在下周同一时候教授史密斯将要进行另外一个对环境演讲

完成时态

现在完成时态

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谓语构成:have / has done(过去分词)
单三

1."表示过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在"
这种用法往往和表示一段时间的状语,如since + 时间点 , since + 从句 , for + 时间段 , these day ,so far 等连用。

例:
He has lived here since 1978. 自从1978年他就一起住在这里
He has worked here for ten years. 他在这里工作了十年

/*练习*/
自从改革开放,中国经历了巨大的发展
Since the reform and opening up , China has experienced the great development



2."强调过去的行为对现在的影响"
一般过去时态:强调过去的行为 但在过去就已经结束了,对现在没有影响
常用时间状语有 already(已经) , ever(曾经) , yet(仍然) , just(刚刚) , by this time(到现在) , lately(最近) ,recently(最近) 等

例:
My brother has already done his homework. 我的兄弟已经做完了他的家庭作业


/*题目*/
I wonder why Jenny _____ to us recently.
We should have heard from her by now.
2.强调过去的行为对现在的影响】
翻译:我想知道最近詹妮为什么没有给我们写信
现在我们应该收到了她的信
A.. hasn’t written B.doesn’t write C.won’t write D.hadn’t written



3."表示经历过的事情" 【不考】
常与 never , ever , only , twice 等时间状语连用

例:
I have only been to the Great Wall once. 我只去过长城一次



"注意"
区分:have/has been to , have/has gone to , have/has been in

a). have/has been to 表示去过某个地方已经回来

例:
The old American man has been to China three times.
这位美国老人到过中国三次。


b). have/has gone to 表示某人去了某地,现在还没有回来,可能在去的途中或已经到了目的地

例:
He has gone to Shanghai
他到上海去了


c). have/has gone to 表示在某地待了多久,后面加表示一段时间的状语

例:
He has been is China for ten years.
他在中国住了十年了



4."用于现在完成时的句型"
It/This/That is the first/second/third time that + 句子 have/has done(过去分词)
它 / 这 / 那 是第一次...

例:
This is the first time that I have learned English
这是第一次我学英语

It is the first time that I have seen a foreigner.
这是第一次我看见外国人

过去完成时态

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谓语构成:had done  (had wrote / had given / had played)

1."描述过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作" “过去的过去”
【对比】:两个都发生在过去的动作,哪一个在更远的过去 had done
常用时间状语 before , by the end of last year/month/term...)等。
到上 年/月/学期 为止

例:

before I started to learn , I had cleaned the room
在我学习之前,我打扫了房间

Jane had left before I arrived.
简在我到来之前已经离开了

By the end of yesterday , we had received over 1000 letters from all over the world.
到昨天结束为止,我们收到了来自全世界超过的1000封信
【注意】 by + 过去时 意思:到...为止 用 had done

I had hoped to be back last night , but I didn’t catch the train.
我希望昨天回来,但是我没有赶上火车

I had intended to come to the party , but I was busy.
我打算去聚会,但是我很忙

/*题目*/

6. Until then, this family _________ form him for six months
翻译:直到那时,这个家庭已经6个月没有收到他的来信了
A .didn’t hear B.hasn’t heard C..hadn’t heard D.hasn’t been hearing


12. The little girl ____ her heart out because she ____ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it.
翻译:这个小女孩很伤心,因为她的玩具熊丢了,她认为再也找不到了
分析:整句话是过去发生的,believed 是过去式,她当时认为 是她过去当时所认为她的熊丢了,熊在过去的过去丢了,时间上形成对比
【过去完成时态】
A. had cried ; lost B.. cried ; had lost C.eries ; has lost D.has cried ; has lost


15.Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished.
翻译:雪莉去年写了一本关于中国的书,但是我不知道她是否完成了。
分析:前半句是过去时态,后半句是一般现在时态,C 排除(需要过去与过去之间对比) | last year 确定、较久的过去时间,A 排除(需要用 模糊、较短的过去时间 比如 最近、刚刚)| B 排除 用 wrote 的话,前半句是一般过去时态,指这个写书这个事情,发过在过去,完成在过去 , 与后半句逻辑不搭 | 所有选 D 指 过去进行时,在过去某一阶段做什么
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D.. was writing


19.Helen _____ her key in the office so that she had to wait until her husband ______ home.
翻译:海伦将钥匙留在了办公室里,所以她不得不等到她的老公回家
A..had left ; came B. has left ; comes C.left ; had come D. had left ; would come



2."用于过去完成时的句型"
It/This/That was the first/second/third time that + 句子 had done(过去分词)
它 / 这 / 那 是第一次...

例:
It was the second time that I had met him.
那是我第二次见到他


"sb. + had + no sooner + done(过去分词) +|+ than + 从句"】 意思: 一... 就 ...
前半句过去完成时态 后半句一般现在时态
no sooner 这里固定搭配,不译原译,"一"的意思 than "就" 的意思
例:
the class had no sooner finished than students left
一下课学生就离开了


【"sb. + had + hardly / scarcely + done(过去分词) + when + 从句"】 意思: 一... 就 ...
前半句过去完成时态 后半句一般现在时态
hardly / scarcely 这里固定搭配,不译原译,"一"的意思 when "就" 的意思
例:
the class had hardly finished when students left
一下课学生就离开了

将来完成时态

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谓语结构: will / shall have done (will可用于各种人称,shall中用于第一人称)

1."表示在将来某一时刻或另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作,"
常用“by + 表示将来时间的知语或句子” 作时间状语 by 到...为止
/*
|———— by + 过去 ———— had done
by|———— by + 现在 ———— have / has done
|———— by + 将来 ———— will have done
*/
例:

By 2025 , I will have stayed in ShangHi for five years 到2025年为止,我已经在上海呆了5年了

We will have finished the project by the end of this year. 到今年年尾为止我们将完成项目

/*题目*/
17.By the end of last year, another new gym ____ in Beijing.
翻译:到去年年尾为止,在北京又一家新的健身房已完成
A. would be completed B.was being comepleted C.has been completed D.. had been completed


完成进行时态

现在完成进行时态

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【现在完成进行时态 】
谓语结构: have been studying
1.'表示过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在且会继续下去'
常和 all this time(一直以来) 、 this week 、 this month 、 all night 、 all the morning 、recently(最近) 、 since(从自) 等连用

例:
I have been fixing the fridge all the morning.
我整个早上都在维修冰箱

I have been learning German since five years ago.
自从五年前开始我学习德语

American market has been shedding jobs since the recession.
自从经济衰退,美国市场一直流失工作

【过去完成进行时态】
谓语结构: have / has been doing



【将来完成进行时态】
谓语结构: by / have been watching

作业

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1. It has been quite some time since we ____ you at your office in Beijing.
翻译:自从我们在你北京的办公室拜见你后,已经有很长一段时间了
解析: since 意思 “自从” ,用于“完成时态” ,前后有个 “has been” 证明句子已经是“完成时态”了 C、D排除 ,还有一个 B 是过去式的
【一般过去时态】
|———— since 直接加时间 接完成时态 ( since 1996 , I have lived in WuHan)
since|
|———— since 加事或句子 接一般过去 ( since I met you , I have loved you)

A. visit B.. visited C. have visited D. had visited

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. The police _____ soon
翻译:警察马上来
解析:当句子是将来时态,先考虑 will come , 没有退其次,再看 现在进行时态 are coming(be+doing) police 是复数不是单数
【现在进行时态】
A. is coming B.. are coming C. has come D. have come

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Linda _____ her training in a joint company by the end of next month.
翻译:琳达在下个月月未时,她将要完成在合资公司的培训
/* by 一定跟完成时态有关 到...为止
|———— by + 过去 ———— had done
by|———— by + 现在 ———— have / has done
|———— by + 将来 ———— will have done
*/
【将来完成时态】
A. finishes B. has finished C. had finished D.. will have finished

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Did you catch what I said ?
Sorry.I ____ a text message just now.
翻译:你有没有明白我说的话?
抱歉,我刚才在发文字消息。
解析:“just now” 意思 刚才, 是一个明确的时间,选一般过去时态,如果没有,选 过去进行时态; 如果“just now” 改为 “just” 刚刚,不是一个明确的时间,选 现在完成时态
【过去进行时态】
A. had answering B. have answered
C. would answer D.. was answering

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Now the air pollution in this city _____ more and more secious with each passing day.
翻译:现在这个城市的空气污染变得越来越严重
解析:“Now” 现在进行时态
【现在进行时态】
A. become B. became C.. is becoming D. would become

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Until then,his family ____ from him for six months.
翻译:到那时为止,他的家庭6个月没有他的消息
解析:两个过去时间点对比
【过去完成时态】
A. didn’t hear B. hasn’t heard C.. hadn’t heard D. hasn’t been hearing

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. By the time you get to New York , I _____ for London.

翻译: 当你到达纽约的时候,我将动身去伦敦了
/* by 一定跟完成时态有关 到...为止
|———— by + 过去 ———— had done
by|———— by + 现在 ———— have / has done
|———— by + 将来 ———— will have done
*/
解析:“by” 跟完成时态有关,翻译前半语句,是将来时态
【将来完成时态】
A. would be leaving B. am leaving
C. have already left D.. shall have left

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. I _____ in touch with you as soon as I receive more details from the manager.
翻译:我一收到经理那获得更多细节就和你联系(先译后面再译前面)
解析:'时间(when / before / affer / as soon as )、条件(if)、让步(although) 状语从句 中代替一般将来时态'
/*时间状语从句里面,主句用“将来时态”,从句用“现在时态”*/
“as soon as” 是时间状语, 后面跟着的句子
as soon as I receive more details from the manager 称为“时间状语从句”
后面句子谓语用的是一般现在时态的“receive”(原本应是将来时态“will receive”)
因为时间状语从句的原因,替换了(一般现在“receive” 替换 一般将来 “will receive”)
但是意思还是按原本将来时态的意思翻译
时间状语前面的主句子,不变,还是原来 将来时态(所有 be动词选将来时态 “wll be”)
称为 “主将从现”
【一般将来时态】
A. am B. was C.. will be D. have been

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Please give Jim the schedule for tomorrow’s conference when he _____ back.
He is to chair the conference.
翻译:请给杰姆明天会议的日程安排当他回来的时候.他要去主持会议
解析:
'时间(when / before / affer / as soon as )、条件(if)、让步(although) 状语从句 中代替一般将来时态'
/*时间状语从句里面,主句用“将来时态”,从句用“现在时态”*/
时间(when) 与 8. 一样 时间状语从句 现在时态 代替 将来时态
【句型:一般将来时态 】
A. will come B.come C..comes D.came
将来 现在原型 现在 单三 过去

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Mr.Smith is coming to visit us soon.
We’d better get everything ready before he ______.
翻译:史密斯先生马上要来我们这参观.我们最好在他到达之前准备好每一件事件
解析:
'时间(when / before / affer / as soon as )、条件(if)、让步(although) 状语从句 中代替一般将来时态'
/*时间状语从句里面,主句用“将来时态”,从句用“现在时态”*/
时间(before) 与 8. 一样 时间状语从句 现在时态 代替 将来时态
【句型:一般将来时态 】
A.. arrives B. arrive C. will arrive D. arrived

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. I wonder why Jenny _____ to us recently. We should have heard from her by now.
翻译:我想知道珍妮最近为什么没有给我们写信,我们现在应该收到她的消息了
解析:“recently” 最近, 属于现在完成时态的时间状语,过去的事对现在的影响,
【句型:现在完成时态 】
A.. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write C. won’t write D. hadn’t wristten

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. The little girl ____ her heart our because she _____ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t going to find it .
翻译:这个小女孩很伤心,因为她的玩具熊丢了,她认为再也找不到了
解析:整句话是过去发生的,believed 是过去式,她当时认为 是她过去当时所认为她的熊丢了,熊在过去的过去丢了,时间上形成对比
【过去完成时态】
A. had cried ; lost B.. cried ; had lost
C. cries ; has lost D. has cried ; has lost

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. The price ______ down recently, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
翻译:价格正在下跌,但是我怀疑是否能一直保持
解析:“recently” 最近, 属于现在完成时态的时间状语,过去的事对现在的影响,
【现在完成时态】
A. went B. will go C.. has gone D. was going

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. The reporter said that the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
翻译: 记者说当他看到不明飞型物的时候,它正从东飞到西。
解析: “ when he saw it ” 是一个明确的时间,选一般过去时态,如果没有,选 过去进行时态,
如果没有 “when he saw it” ,就应该选 C ,他过去说,一个时间点,UFO 肯定是他更早之前看见 的,看见后,才跟别人说嘛, UFO 也是一个时间点 选 过去完成时态
【过去进行时态】
A.. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel
= had travelled
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15. Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished.
翻译:雪莉去年写了一本关于中国的书,但是我不知道她是否完成了。
分析:前半句是过去时态,后半句是一般现在时态,C 排除(需要过去与过去之间对比) | last year 确定、较久的过去时间, 一定跟过去时态有关 A 排除(需要用 模糊、较短的过去时间 比如 最近、刚刚)| B 排除 用 wrote 的话,前半句是一般过去时态,指这个写书这个事情,发过在过去,完成在过去 , 与后半句逻辑不搭 | 所有选 D 指 过去进行时,在过去某一阶段做什么
【过去进行时态】
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D.. was writing

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16. So far our company ______ services to residential and commercial customers for 20 years.
翻译:到目前为止我们公司目前给居民用户和商业用户提供了20年的服务
解析:“So far” 到目前为止, 属于现在完成时态的时间状语,表示过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在
【现在完成时态】
A. will provide B. had provided C. provided D.. has provided

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17. We ______ them in the past five years.
翻译:我们过去5年从来没有看见过他们
解析:“in the past five years” 在过去5年里 ,属于现在完成时态的时间状语
' so far / until now / in the past xxx years / for the past xxx years ' 用于“现在完成时态”
到目前为止 在过去的xxx年里

【现在完成时态】
A. hadn’t seen B. didn’t see C.. haven’t seen D. don’t see

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18. I ____ the whole of War and Peace by the time I was seven years old.
翻译:我在七岁的时候读完了一整本《战争与和平》
解析:
/* by 一定跟完成时态有关 到...为止 / 在...的时候
|———— by + 过去 ———— had done
by|———— by + 现在 ———— have / has done
|———— by + 将来 ———— will have done
*/
【过去完成时态】
A. was reading B.. had read C. had been reading D. had been read

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19. Helen _____ her key in the office so that she had to wait until her husband ____ home.
翻译:海伦将钥匙留在了办公室里,所以她不得不等到她的老公回家
解析: 钥匙掉在办公室 是一个时间点, 等老公回家 是一个时间点
【过去完成时态】
A.. had left ; came B. has left ; comes
C. left ; had come D. had left ; would come

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20. Is this the third time that you ______ late?
翻译:这是你第三交迟到了吗?
解析: “ the third time ” 属于 现在完成时态 句型
【现在完成时态】
A.. have been B. are C. was D. had been

第四章-被动语态

一般进行完成
现在am / is / are + doneam / is / are + being + done (此刻正在被)have / has + been + done (现在已经被)
过去was / were + donewas / were + being + done(过去正在被)was / were + been + done (过去已经被 )
将来will be + done没有没有
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/*真题*/
1.The business talk _______ next week when the CEO of your company comes.
翻译:下周当你公司董事长来的时候举办商业谈判
解析: “ next week ” 下周 ,时间明确,属于 将来时态 句型
【一般将来时态】 商业谈判是被举办的,是被动的,不是主动
A. held B. will hold C.. will be held D. had been held
过去式 一般将来 一般将来[被动] 现在完成时[被动]

什么时候用 被动 ?
'强调动作的承受者'

构成: am / is / are + done(过去分词)

一般时态

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 /*练习*/
这个无助的老人被抛弃了
this helpless old man is abandoned

垃圾被两个游客丢在湖里
leftovers are thrown into the lake by two tourists by + 动作发出者

/*
原主变宾 by 后见 by + 动作发出者

时态人称 by 关键
|
一般现在 am/is/are + done
一般过去 was / were + done
一般将来 will be + done
*/

英语被我们学习
English is learned by us

I was invited to the concert yesterday by the Greens.
Greens昨天邀请我去音乐会(昨天我被Greens邀请去音乐会)


/*真题*/
1. though a skilled worker,__________________(他被公司解雇了)
last week because of the economic crisis.
翻译:虽然是一名技术工人,但因为经济危机上周他被公司解雇了
解析: “last week” 上周 明确的过去时间
【一般过去式】 答案: he was fired by the company

2. Jane is tired of dealing with customer complaints and she
___________(将被分配做另外一个工作).
翻译:虽然是一名技术工人,但因为经济危机上周他被公司解雇了
解析: “last week” 上周 明确的过去时间
【一般过去式】 答案:will be assigned to do another (one) job
will be assigned to do a different job

进行时态

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/*
现在进行 am / is / are being + done (此刻正在被)
过去进行 was / were + being + done(过去正在被) 考的少
*/

His words are being misunderstood.
他的话正在被误解

/*题目*/
5.The fifth generation computers , with artificial intelligence
____________ and perfected now.
翻译:第五代计算机,人工智能正在开发和完善中 (第五代计算机,人工智能正在被开发和完善中)
A. developed B.. are being developed
C. have developed D. will have been developed

完成时态

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/*
现在完成 have / has + been + done (现在已经被)
过去完成 had + been + done (过去已经被 )
将来完成 will have been + done (将来已经被)
*/
A Dream in red mansions has been translated into many languages
《红楼梦》已被译成多种语言

/*题目*/
17. By the end of last year,another new gym ______ in Beijing.
翻译:到去年年尾为止,在北京又一家新的健身房被完成
解析:“ by + 过去时间” 过去完成,体育馆是被建 选被动语态
A. would be completed B. was being completed
C. has been comleted D.. had been completed

17. By the end of next year , another new gym ______ in Beijing (comlete)
翻译:到明年年尾为止,在北京又一家新的健身房被完成
解析:“ by + 将来时间” 将来完成 , 体育馆是被建 选被动语态
答案:will have been comlete


1.其他句型

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1.'主谓宾 转换成被动形式'

主动: The teacher has not corrected the homework
老师没有批改作业
被动: The homework has not been corrected by the teacher
作业没有被老师修改

主动: I wrote that letter last night.
我昨晚写了那封信
被动: That letter was written (by me)last night.
那封信被我昨晚写了


2. '动词词组 被动形式 不能分开或省略'

主动: I look after my parents
我照顾我的父母
被动: my parents are looked after by me
我的父母被我照顾

主动: Take good care of the baby
要好好照顾婴儿
被动: The baby must be taken good care of
婴儿需要好好照顾

主动: We put up the tent
我们搭起帐篷
被动: The tent was put up by us.
帐篷被我们搭建起来



3. '如果宾语是that引导的从句,变为被动形式时可用it作被动句的形式主语'

主动: They know that he is a famous scientist.
他们知道他是一位著名的科学家
被动: It is known that he is a famous scientist
————————
众所周知,他是一名著名的科学家


4. '主谓宾 宾补 转换成 被动形式'

主动: They elected her chairman of the club.
他们选举她为俱乐部的主席
被动: She was elected chairman of the clue
她被选举为俱乐部的主席


/*重点*/
让 使 让 注意 观察
5. '使役动词 let make have 以及感官动词 made see watch notice hear observe
'等后面跟不定式(to do)作宾语补足语时,主动语态中不定式to要省略,
'但变为被动结构时,to不能省略

使役动词:let make have 使/让 某人干某事

主动: 使役动词/感官动词 sb do sth
被动: be 使役动词/感官动词 sb to do sth
/* be 指系动词 sb 指宾 sth 指做的事 */
be made sb to do sth 被安排去做某事
made sb do sth 让某人去做某事

be make sb to do sth 被安排去做某事
make sb do sth 使某人去做某事

be see sb to do sth 被看见去做某事
see sb do sth 看见某人做某事

主动: The boss made the secretary work overtime
老板让秘书加班
被动: The secretary was made to work overtime
秘书被要求加班

主动: Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
有人看见一个陌生人走进了大楼
被动: A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
一个陌生人被看见走进了大楼


/*题目*/
20. The monkey was seen ______ off the tre
翻译:猴子被看到从树上跳了下来
A. jump B. jumps C.jumped D..to jump



6.

主动:My sister gave me a new dress.
____
我的姐姐给我买了一条裙子
被动:I was given a new dress(by my sister)
_________ ____
我被姐姐给了一条新的裙子
被动:A new dress was given to me(by my sister)
__________
一条新裙子被给我了

主动:My father bought him a computer.
______
我的爸爸给他买了一台电脑
被动:He was bought a computer(by my father)
——————————
他被我爸爸买了一台电脑
被动:A computer was bought for him(by my father)
———————————
一条新裙子被给我了
一台电脑被买给他

2.被动语态的各种句式

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1.【肯定句式】
主语 + be + 过去分词 + by...
be + done

例:
I was invited to concert yesterday by th Greens
明天我被格林家邀请去音乐会


5.谓语部分含有情态动词的被动语态句式为“情态 + be done”,
否定式是在情态动词后加not
/*情态动词后 接原型be*/

例:
Such work can be done in an hour or so.
这样的工作一小时左右就能完成
These books munstn’t be taken our of the library.
这些书不能从图书馆拿走
Must the homework be handed in by tomorrow?
作业必须在明天之前交吗?

3. 主动形式表示被动意义(重点)

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	1.某些连系动词(感观),如 smell(闻) , taste(尝) , feel(摸) , sound(听) , prove(证明) 等,可用主动形式表示被动意义

例:
The flower smell good 这花闻起来很香
The fish tastes delicious. 这鱼味道很好
She proves very patient and warm-hearted. 她证明很有耐心、有热心


2.某些动词,如 read , write(写上去) , wash , clean , draw , burn ,cook , sell(卖) , lock , open , shut , tear 且主语是非生命的名词或代词

例:
This kind of book sells well. 这种书卖的真好
The pen writes smaoothly. 这个笔写的真顺滑

3. 一些动词和词组不能用于被动语态,常使用主动形式表被动含义。
happen | take place | break out | belong to | come out
发生/碰巧 发生/举行 爆发 属于 出现
go up | go out | grow up | consist of | add up to
上升 出去 成长 由...组成 总计达/合计达
come into being | come true | run out | turn up | come into use
形成 实现 耗尽 出现 投入使用

例:
A fire broke out at midnight.
半夜发生了一场火灾
What happened to him last night?
他昨晚发生了什么事


4. 当 need , want , require , deserve 后跟动名词(doing)时,用主动形式表示被动意义
要求 值得
例:
The garden needs watering.
=(The garden needs to be watered.)
花园需要被浇水
【need doing = need to be done】

The problem requires studaying with great care.
=(The problem requires to be studied with great care)
这个问题要求被研究仔细
【requires doing = requires to be done】

作业

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/*真题*/

1. The business talk ______ next week when the CEO of your company comes.
翻译:下周当你公司董事长来的时候举办商业谈判
解析: “ next week ” 下周 ,时间明确,属于 将来时态 句型 , 商业谈判是被举办的,“被动语态”
A. held B. will hold C.. will be held D. has been held

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2. The fruit _____ nice,but ______ terrible.
翻译:这水果看上去很不错,但是尝上去很糟糕
解析: “ taste ” 尝,感观动词,主动表被动, B、C、D都带有被动形式
A.. looks , tastes B. is looked , tastes
C. looks , is tasted D. is looked , is tasted

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3. In this museum a guided tour _____ for you at no charge.
翻译:这个博物馆为你提供免费的导游服务
解析: 导游服务被提供给你 被动语态, 只有C是被语态的正确形式
A. being provided B. to provide
C.. is provided D. provides

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4. Your car wants ______ , so you’d better have it done as soon as possible
翻译: 你的车要维修了,所以你最好尽快完成维修
解析: “want” 后加动名词(doing)用主动表被动
A. repair B. repaired C. to repair D.. repairing


/*题目*/

1. It is true that knowledge ________ instead of being taught.
翻译: 这是真的,知识是学出来的而不是教出来的
解析: 知识是被学,是被动语态, 句子表达的意思是真理,客观事实的,用一般现在
A. learns B. learned C.. is learned D. was learned

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2. The sick old man _____ to hospital by the police last night.
翻译: 那位生病的老人昨晚被警方送到医院
解析: 老人被送你到医院,被动语态,“last night” 过去时态
A. take B. took C. is taken D.. was taken

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3. As he ______ to submit the report before 4:30,
the assistant hurried to Mr.Smith’s office.
翻译: 因为他(肋手)被要求在 4:30 之前提交报告, 肋手匆忙去史密斯夫人办公室
解析: “hurried” 过去式,过去时态
情况一:他(肋手)被要求,被动语态
情况二:他(老板)要求,主动语态 430是一个时间点 去办公室是一个时间点 过去完成
A.. was required B. had required C. requires D. required

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4. I ______ five minutes to decide whether I should go or not.
翻译: 我被给了五分钟去决定是否我应该去还是不去
解析: 我被给 被动语态 , 只有D是被语态的正确形式
A. gave B. was giving C. had given D.. was given

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5. This sentence needs _______.
翻译: 这个句子需要被改善
解析: “need”后跟动名词(doing)时,用主动形式表示被动意义
A. an improvement B. improve C.. improving D. improved

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6. I want to be a doctor . Doctors _____ in every part of the world , I think
翻译: 我希望是一名医生 , 医生被世界任何地区需要,我认为
解析: 医生被需要,被动语态, 只有B是被语态的正确形式
A. need B.. are needed C. will need D. are needing

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7. The People’s Republic of China _____ on October 1 ,1949
翻译: 中华人民共和国在1947101日建立
解析: find 的现在分词和过去式 found 是发现/查找的意思
found 也是一个单独的词是 建立/创立的意思 现在分词和过去式 founded
这里是 建立/创立的 意思 国家被建立 被动语态,时间上又是 过去式
A. found B.. was founded C. is founded D. was found

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8. Great changes ______ in our province Many tall buildings ______.
翻译: 我们省发生了巨大的变化,许多高楼被建立了起来
解析: 上半段是主动语态,下半段是被动语态
A. have been taken place ; have been set up
B.. have taken place ; have been set up
C. have been taken place ; have set up
D. were taken place ; were set up

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9. As soon as we got to the airport , we found that the airplane ______.
翻译: 我们一到达机场就发现飞机已经起飞了
解析: 到达机场是一个时间点,飞机起飞是一个时间点 是一个 主动语态 句子
A.. had already taken off B. already took off
C. was already taking off D. was already taken off

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10. You can’t move in right now . The house _____.
翻译: 你现在不能移动到你的房子,你的房子正在被刷油漆
解析: “right now” 现在、马上 属于现在进行时态 被动语态
A. has painted B. is painted C.. is being painted D. is painting

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11. This page needed _____ again.
翻译: 这本书需要被再次被检查
解析: “need”后跟动名词(doing)时,用主动形式表示被动意义
【need doing = need to be done】
A. being checked B. checked C. to cheack D.. to be checked

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12. The program _____ to help students prepare for their first year at our college.
翻译: 计划被设计来帮助学生在我们大学他们的第一年
解析: 计划被设计 被动语态, 只有A是被语态的正确形式
A.. is designed B. designed C. designs D. has designed

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13. Last year some additional measures _____ to protect customers’ personal information.
翻译: 去年一些额外的措施被采取后保护了顾客的个人信息
解析: “Last year” 去年 明确的过去时间 过去时态 又是被动语态
A. are taken B.. were taken C. have been taken D. will be taken

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14. Good care must _____ bebies particularly while they are ill.
翻译: 幼儿必须被好好照顾,特别是在他们生病时
解析: 1.其他句型
主动: Take good care of the baby
要好好照顾婴儿
被动: The baby must be taken good care of
婴儿需要好好照顾
A. take B. take of C. be taken D.. be taken of

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15. The war _____ in 1937.
翻译: 战争爆发于 1937
解析: (break out)一些动词和词组不能用于被动语态,常使用主动形式表被动含义
“in 1937” 明确表过去时间,过去时间
A. was broke out B. has broken out
C.. broke out D. had been broken out

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16. Visitors ______ not to touch the exhibits.
翻译: 游客被要求不能触摸展品
解析: 被动语态,只有B是被语态的正确形式
A. will request B.. are requested
C. were requesting D. request

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17. A lot of things _____ by people to save the little girl now.
翻译: 现在许多事情被人做去挽救小女孩
解析: “now” 现在 现在时态, 被动语态
A. are doing B.. are being done
C. has been done D. will be done

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18. So far , the moon _____ by man already.
翻译: 到目前为止,月亮已经被人访问
解析:
A. is visited B. will be visited
C.. has been visited D. planted 1

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19. An accident _____ on this road last week.
翻译: 上周这个路上发生了交通事故
解析: (happen)一些动词和词组不能用于被动语态,常使用主动形式表被动含义
没有被动语态 “last week”上周 过去时态
A. was happened B. is happened
C.. happened D. has been happened

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20. The monkey was seen _______ off the tree
翻译: 猴子被看见从树上跳下来
解析: 1.其他句型 第5点 see 感官动词

主动: 使役动词/感官动词 sb do sth
被动: be 使役动词/感官动词 sb to do sth
be see sb to do sth 被看见去做某事
see sb do sth 看见某人做某事

A. jump B. jumps
C. jumped D.. to jump

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第五章-主谓一致

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/*真题*/
1.Everybody here,including children and old people,_____ in for sports.
翻译:每一个人都在这,包括小孩和老人,都参加了运动
解析:“Everybody”指每一个个的人,是单数
A. go B.. goes C. going D. to go
复 单

【主谓一致】:' 谓语受主语支配,即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化 '


1.语法一致原则

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1.1 由 and , both...and 连接的两个表示'不同概念'的名词作主语,谓语动词用复数

例:
Her teacher and her friend are in the sitting room.
她的老师和她的朋友在会客厅

Both rice and wheat are grown in this area.
大米和小麦都生长在这块区域

1.2 由 and , both...and 连接的两个单数名词在意义上'指同一人、同一事物或同一概念',谓语动词用单数
例:
The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.
教授和作者在会议上讲话 (这里的教授和作者是同一个人,有两个身份)

如何判断是一个人还是两人?
两个单数名词 前一定要加限定词,不能单独使用(比如:The professor and the writer) 两个人
两个单数名词 只有第一个加了(比如:The professor and writer)同一个人两身份


1.3 用 and 连接的单数主语,前面有 each [每个] , every [每个] , no [没有] , many a(an)[许多],
more than one [不只一个] , 等修饰时 谓语动词要用单数形式

例:
Every man , woman and child is entitled to take part in the activity
每个男人、女人和小孩都有权参加活动

Many a boy and(many a)girl has made the same mistake.
许多男孩和女孩都会犯一些同样的错误

Many a studnet is looking forward to visithing America at present.
现在许多学生都盼望访问美国


2. 当主语后接用来说明主语的修饰语,如
as well as(也..和) with(和) along with(伴随)
together with(和...一起) in addition to(除...之外) such as(例如)
accompanied by(陪伴) besides(除了...之外) except(除了...之外)
but(除了...之外) including (包括) rather than(而不是)
like(像...)
等时,谓语动词不受其影响,仍同主语保持一致。

例:
The man | together with his wife and children | sits on the sofa watching TV.
男人和他妻子、孩子一起坐在沙发上看电视

No one | except two students | was late for class yesterday
除了两个学生没有人昨天上课迟到

The father , rather than the brothers , is responsible.
父亲,而不是兄弟,有责任

3. 由 a lot of(很多) , lots of(很多) , plenty of(大量的) , the rest of(余下的) ,
the majority of(大部分) + 名词 , 分数或百分数 + 名词
构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。

例:
A lot of students in that school want to join the club.
那所学校的很多学生都想加入俱乐部

Plenty of money has been saved to buy that car.
大量的钱被积攒去买那辆车

Two thirds of the students support the plan.
三分之二的学生都支持这个计划

Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
地球表面的四分之三是海洋


4. a quantity of , quantities of 修饰名词作主语时, 【不考】
其谓语动词应根据 quantity 的单复数形式而定。

例:
A quantity of storybooks has been bought for the children
一定量的故事书被买给了孩子

Large quantities of water have been polluted.
大量的水被污染了


5.非谓语动词作主语
|—— 不定式 to do
非谓语动词|
|—— 动名词 doing
5.1 单个动词不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式

例:
walking is a good form of exercise for both the young and the old.
散步是很好的运动对于小孩和老人来说

Persuading him to join us seems really hard.
说服他加入我们似乎很难


5.2 用连接词连接的多个非谓语动词作主语时,如果表达同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式
谓语动词用单数形式;如果表达不同的概念,谓语动词用复数形式

例:
To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡和早起是一个好习惯

To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.
工作和生活是两个不同的事情,但是他们总是在一起



6.从句作主语
谓语动词一般用单数形式,但 what 引导的主语从句则根据其所指的具体内容决定。
例:
Who will be our monitor hasn’t been decided yet.
谁将是我们的班长还没有决定呢

What we badly need is more time. (time 单数)
我们急需的是更多的时间

What we badly need are doctors. (doctors 复数)
我们最需要的是医生


/*练习*/
4. A library with five thousand books _____ to the nation as a gift.
翻译:一个有五千本书的图书馆作为礼物被提供给了国家
解析:“with”说明主语的修饰语 主语“A library”单数,谓语也单数 排除B、C ,
A是被动语态,D是主动语态 , 图书馆是被某某提供给国家,图书馆自已不能主动将自已提供给国家
A.. is offered B. have offered C. are offered D. has offered


5. When and where to build the new factory ______ yet.
翻译:何时何地建新工厂还没有被决定
解析:从句,但不是“what”开头,是单数,又是被动语态
A.. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided


7. ______ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass.
翻译: 五分之二的陆地在那个区域覆盖了树和草
解析: 第一个空 数量2及以上用复数形式 | 第二个空 百分数修饰的名词是单数
A. Two fifth , is B. Two fifth , are C.. Two fifths , is D. Two fifths , are


10. The singer and the dancer _____ come to the meeting.
翻译: 歌手和舞者来到会议厅
解析: 两个单数名词都有 限定词, 是两个人,用复数形式 , 句子是主语形式
have come 主动 are come 被动(are done)
A. has B.. have C. are D. is


15. Each man and each woman _____ asked to attend.
翻译: 每个男人和每个女人被要求参加
解析: “Each” 1.3 单数,参加什么,一般都是被动
is asked 被动(is done) has asked 主动
A. are B.. is C. has D. were


17.Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems.
翻译: 去其他行星或去月球涉及许多问题
解析:“Getting” 非谓语动词作主语 ,谓语动词用 单数
A. involve B.. involves C. involving D. to involve
单三

19. Many a student ______ seen this painting.
翻译: 许多学生看这个画
解析: “Many a” 1.3 单数, 主动句
has seen 主动 is seen(is done)被动
A.. has B. have C. is D. sees

2.意义一致原则

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谓语动词 的变化依主语所表达单复数概念而定。

1. 集合名词作主语

1.1 有些集合名词,如 people(人民) , cattle(牛) , police(警察) 等作主语时,
谓语动词只用复数形式

例:
People read for pleasure during their spare time.
人们在空闲时间读书很开心

1.2 有些集合名词,如 【不怎么考】
audience(观众) , army(军队) , class(班级) ,
crew(小组) , company(公司) ,
crowd(群众) , enemy(敌人), family(家庭) ,
public(大众、公众) , population(人口) ,team (团队)
等作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;
若着眼于组成该集体的每个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。

例:
Our class is made up of 20 girls and 20 boys.
我们班由20个女孩和20个男孩构成

Our class are watching a movie
我们班在看电影

2. 表示 “ 时间、温度、重量、距离、金额 ” 等的复数名词作主语时,
一般把它们看做一个整体来表示一定 的量,谓语动词用单数

例:
The miles is really a long walk for me .
对我来说,这英里路真的很长

Five years is a long time to wait for an answer.
5年的等待是很长的时间


3. 以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时

3.1 有些表示学科名词的词,例如
physics(物理) , mathematics / maths (数学)
economics(经济) , politics(政治) 等,
一般被看作形式是复数,意思是单词的词

例:
Maths is really difficult
数学是真的难

3.2 有些名词如
means(方法), works(工厂), crossroads(十字路口)
等的单复数同形,因此需要根据其表达的单数概念还是复数概念来确实谓语动词的单、复数

例:
This means of transport has been tried.
这种交通工具已经试过了

All possible means have been tried.
所有可能的方法都试过了

3.3 由两部分组成的物体名词作主语时,如
trousers(裤子) , glasses(眼睛) , clothes(衣服)
, shoes(鞋子) , scissors(剪刀) 等,谓语动词用复数形式

例:
My trousers are white and his shoes are black.
我的裤子是白色的,他的鞋子是黑色的

/*注意*/ 如果这些词由单位词
pair(一对、一双、一把、一套、一副) ,
suit(一套) , piece(一 块、张、片) , kind(种类)
等 修饰时,则单位词的单、复数决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。
例:

A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.
那抽屉里放着一把剪刀

These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.
这些种类的眼睛受欢迎在这个夏天


3.4 表示国名、人名、书名、组织机构等的专有名词作主语时,
即使形式上是复数,谓语动词要用单数形式
例:
The United States is a developed country.
美国是一个发达的国家


3.5 以 -s 结尾的表示群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等的专有名词作主语时,
谓语动词用复数形式。
例:
The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plants.
喜马拉雅山上有各种各样的植物


3.6 以 -s 结尾的名词,如
diggings , earnings , surroundings ,
savings , leavings , belonglings
作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。

The family were saved but all the belongings were lost.

4. “ the + 形容词 ” 作主语表示一类人时,谓语动词一般用复数形式; '****'
表示一类事物或抽象概念时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。

例:
The rich are to help the poor.
有钱人去帮助穷困人

The beaufiful is loved by all
美丽的被所有人都爱

5. “ a number of + 复数名词 ” 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,意思是 “许多” ; '****'
“ the number of + 复数名词 ” 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,意思是 “...的数量”

例:
A number of rare plants were found there.
那里发现了许多稀有的植物

The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.
在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往任何时候都多

3. 就近原则

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'就近原则' 指谓语动词的变化由最靠近谓语的主语而定。

1. there be 结构 (有...)

例:
There is a desk and four benches in the office.
在办公室里有一个书桌和四个长椅

These are two chairs and a desk in the office.
在办公室里有两个椅子和一个书桌


2. or , either ... or ... (要么...要么...) , nenither ... nor ...(两者都不) ,
not only ... but also ...(不仅...而且...) , not ... but ...(不是...而是...)
连接两个主语时 , 用就近一致原则。

例:
You or he is to blame.
你或他都该受责备

Either you or I am going to work there.
要么你或者我去那里工作

Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.
他父母和他都不是银行职员

Not only his family but also he likes Chaplin’s movies.
不仅他的家庭而且他也喜欢卓别林的电影



作业

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/*练习*/
谓语动词中 系动词 和 动作型动词
单数 is/am 单三
复数 are 原型

1. Nobody but Jane ____ the secret.
翻译:没有人除了Jane以外知道秘密
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
2. 主语后接用“but”来说明主语的修饰语 谓语不受其影响,仍同主语“Nobody”保持一致
1.3 前面有“no”是单数 “Nobody” 是单数 '单数'
没有人知道秘密 与 没有人被知道秘密 显然是 '主动'
A. know B.. knows C. have known D. is known
单三 被动
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. All but one _____ here just now.
翻译:除了一个人,刚刚所有人都在这
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
2. 主语后接用“but”来说明主语的修饰语 谓语不受其影响,仍同主语“All”保持一致

|—— 表示人 ———— 复数
All 全部|
|—— 表示事 ———— 单数

这里是表示的人,'复数' 选 are ,
“just now” 刚才 明确的'过去时态', are 的过去式 were
A. is B. was C. has been D.. were

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ______ tired of having one examination after anoter
翻译:不仅我而且简和玛丽都很厌倦一个考试接一个考试
解析:【3.就近原则】里
2. “ not only ... but also ...(不仅...而且...)” 就近原则
“Jane and Mary” '复数'
A. is B.. are C. am D. be

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. A library with five thousand books _____ to the nation as a gift.
翻译:一个有五千本书的图书馆作为礼物被提供给了国家
解析:【1.语法一致原则】 里
2. 主语后接用“with”来说明主语的修饰语 谓语不受其影响,仍同主语“A library”保持一致
'单数' , 图书馆是被某某提供给国家,图书馆自已不能主动将自已提供给国家 '被动语态'

A.. is offered B. have offered C. are offered D. has offered

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. How close parents are to their children ______ a strong influence on the character of children.
翻译:父母对他们的孩子很亲密对孩子的性格有很大的影响
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
6. 从句作主语 除 “what”开头,跟主语一至,其他一般都是单数 '单数'
A. have B.. has C. had D. would have

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6. The number of people invited _____ fifty ,
but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons.
翻译:被邀请的人有五十人但是他们中的许多人由于不同的原因缺席
解析:【2.意义一致原则】里
“ a number of + 复数名词 ” 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,意思是 “许多” ; "复数"
“ the number of + 复数名词 ” 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,意思是 “...的数量”"单数"
A. were , was B. was , was C.. was , were D. were ,were

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. ______ of the land in that district _______ covered with trees and grass.
翻译:五分之二的陆地在那块区域覆盖了树和草
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
3. 数或百分数 + 名词构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定
“the land” 单数 '单数'
A. Two fifth , is B. Tow fifth , are
C.. Tow fifths , is D. Two fifths , are

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8. It is reported that many a new house ______ at present in the disaster area.
翻译:据报道,许多新房子目前被建造在灾区
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
1.3 “many a”是许多 修饰 谓语用单数 '单数'
房子是被建造,'被动语态'
A. is building B. are building
C. are being built D.. is being built

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Ten minutes _____ an hour when one is waiting for an important phone call.
翻译:十分钟似乎是一个小时中当一个人等待一个重要电话的时间
解析:【2.意义一致原则】里
2. 表示 “ 时间、温度、重量、距离、金额 ” 等的复数名词作主语时,
一般把它们看做一个整体来表示一定 的量,谓语动词用单数 '单数 '
A. seemed B. to seem C. see D.. seems

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. The singer and the dancer _______ come to the meeting.
翻译:歌手和舞者来到会议厅
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
1.1 由 and 连接的两个表示“不同概念”的名词作主语,谓语动词用复数 '复数'
歌手和舞者来到会议厅 歌手和舞者被来到议厅 '主动'
have come 主动 are come 被动(be+done)
A. has B.. have C. are D. is

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. The wounded _____ by the hospital.
翻译: 受伤的人被收进医院
解析:【2.意义一致原则】里
4. “ the + 形容词 ” 作主语表示一类人时,谓语动词一般用复数形式; '复数'
表示一类事物或抽象概念时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
'被动'
A.. have been taken in B. has been taken in
C. have taken in D. has taken in

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Many people say 10000 _______ a lot of money.
翻译:很多人说10000美元是很多钱
解析:【2.意义一致原则】里
2. 表示 “ 时间、温度、重量、距离、金额 ” 等的复数名词作主语时,
一般把它们看做一个整体来表示一定 的量,谓语动词用单数
比如:five years is 表示一段时间 单数的意思,但单位 years 该用复数还是用复数
A. dollar is B. dollar are
C.. dollars is D. dollars are

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. Not only his parents but also he _____ to the Summer Palace.They haven’t been back.
翻译:不仅他的父母,而且他也去颐和园,他们还没有回来。
解析:【3.就近原则】里
2. “ not only ... but also ...(不仅...而且...)” 就近原则 he"单数"

a). have/has been to 表示去过某个地方已经回来
b). have/has gone to 表示某人去了某地,现在还没有回来,可能在去的途中或已经到了目的地
c). have/has been in 表示在某地待了多久,后面加表示一段时间的状语

A. have been B. have gone
C. has gone D. is going

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14. The majority ______ on his side, but she disagrees with them on three points.
翻译:大多数人站在他一边,但她在三点上不同意他们
解析:【2.意义一致原则】里
1.2 有些集合名词 等作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;
若着眼于组成该集体的每个成员,谓语动词用复数形式
后方“them” 证明 The majority 是 '复数 ' 句子不是过去式,不选 were
A. were B. was C. is D.. are

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15. Each man and each woman ______ asked to attend.
翻译:每个男人和每个女人被请求出席
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
1.3 用 and 连接的单数主语,前面有 each [每个]等修饰时 谓语动词要用单数形式 "单数"
"被动语态"
A. are B.. is C. has D. were

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16. The number of pages in this dictionary ______ about two thousand.
翻译:这本字典的页数大约是二千多页
解析:【2.意义一致原则】里
“ a number of + 复数名词 ” 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,意思是 “许多” ; "复数"
“ the number of + 复数名词 ” 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,意思是 “...的数量”"单数"
A. are B. has
C. have D.. is


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17. Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems.
翻译:去其他行星或去月球涉及许多问题
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
5.非谓语动词作主语
|—— 不定式 to do
非谓语动词|
|—— 动名词 doing
5.1 单个动词不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式 "单数"
A. involve B.. involves C. involving D. to involve

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18. Mathematics _____ the language of science.
翻译:数学是科学的语言
解析:【2.意义一致原则】里
3. 以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时
3.1 有些表示学科名词的词,例如 mathematics 一般被看作形式是复数,意思是单数的词 "单数"
普遍实事,客观真理 一般现在时态
A.. is B. has been
C. are D. have been


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19. Many a studen ______ this painting.
翻译:很多学生已经看过这副画
解析:【1.语法一致原则】里
1.3 “many a”是许多 修饰 谓语用单数 '单数'
"被动语态"
A.. has seen B.have seen C. is seen D. sees

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20. What we need _____ good textbooks.
翻译:我们需要好的书
解析:【2.语法一致原则】里
6.从句作主语
what 引导的主语从句则根据其所指的具体内容决定。
A. is B.. are
C. have D. has

第六章-从句

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/*真题*/
1. Home Business Magazine is the leading publication for those _____ are interested in starting
a home-based business.
翻译:家庭商业杂质是一个领先的出版物,对于那些开始居家事业感兴趣的人
修饰人 定语从句
A. which B. what C.. who D. whom

【句子的高级结构分类】
1. 简单句
2. 复合句(并列&主从)

/*复合句*/
and , or , but... 并列句(所连接的句子重要性一致,没有层次)
例:
I like apples and you like banana

'并列句 与 主从句 都有各自的连接词'

when , if , although , because ... 主从句(所连接的句子重要性不一致,有层次/高低之分,连接词所引导的句子为“从句”,自主存在的句子为“主句” 主句 比 从句 高)
例:
Because Jacky Chen worked really hard , he attained the Golden Horse Prize.
因为成龙工作很努力 他获得金马奖


【判断主从句】
When you are crossing the street , you must be careful. 当你过马路,你需要注意
从 主

This is the book that has been translated recently by that young man.
主 从
这是一本最近被那个年轻的男人翻译的书

名词性从句

1.主语从句

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/*真题*/
2._____ was thought to be impossible in the past has now become a reality.
——————————————————————————————————————————————
A.. What B. Which C. That D. As

【主语从句】

1.' that 引导的主语从句 that 引导主语从句时 ' 无意思
a) that 引导的主语从句置于句首 【公式:that + 句子 + 谓 + 宾】
例:
That light travels in strainght lines is known to all.
—————————————————————————————————————
光是以直线传播的,所有人都知道

当一个词不足以表达出主语的意思,主语用一个句子来表意思,必要在句首加一个连接词
例:
|The thing surprises me
|这个事情使我惊讶
|
|That he passed CET-6 surprises me
|————————————————————
|他通过了六级使我太惊讶了


That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.
——————————————————————————————————
海洋过度捕捞被知道很多年了

That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs is recognized by advocates of
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
free-makets economic theories.
每一个大的公司在行动的时候,都要考虑他们自身的需求,被自由市场经济理论的倡导者认可


【形式主语 it 替代主语从句】
例:
|That light travels in strainght lines is known to all.
|—————————————————————————————————————
|光是以直线传播的,所有人都知道
|
|It is known to all that light travels in strainght lines is known to all.
|光是以直线传播的,所有人都知道

|That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.
|—————————————————————————————————————
|光是以直线传播的,所有人都知道
|
|It has been known for years that the seas are being overfished
|光是以直线传播的,所有人都知道

2.' whether 引导的主语从句' 意思:“是否”
例:
Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance.
——————————————————————————————————————
他是否能按时完成任务是很重要的

/*
注意:
whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思,但主语从句置于句首时,只能用 whether 不能用 if
例:
whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic.
他是否能及时去这个聚会,取决于交通情况
*/

3.' wh-类连接词引导的主语从句 ' (根据语意选连接词)
wh-类连接词包括代词如:who , whom , whose , what , whatever , how 等,
还包括连接副词如:when , where , why , whenever , wherever 等。

例:
How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided.
———————————————————————————————————————
他们将如何解决这个严重的问题,还没有下决定

What we should do next remains unknown.
——————————————————————
我们下一步做什么还不知道


Where we can look up his address is still a problem.
————————————————————————————————
我们在哪里可以找到他的地址仍然是个问题



/*
总结:

1. that + 句子 + 谓 + 宾 (无意 ,不当成分)
2. whether + 句子 + 谓 + 宾 (“是否” , 不当成分)
3. wh- + 句子 + 谓 + 宾 (主要 what 什么 , who 谁 , 当成分 ,在从句里一般做 主语/宾语 )

*/

/*练习*/
6. _______ me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a
———————————————
pen with his feet.
翻译:最令我惊讶的是,这个在事故中失去双臂的小男孩竟然能用脚使用钢笔
解析:选A 成分不完整, That amazed me most “amazed” 是谓语,“me”是宾语,“That” 就是主语了,但that 不当成分,选B 形式主语,后面多了个“was” , C 不管他,D 做分成当主语,蛮好
A. That amazed B. It amazed C. Which amazed D.. What amazed

2. _______ was thought to be impossible in the past has now become a reality.
————————————————————————————————————————————————
翻译:在过去是不可能的,现在变成了现实
解析:主语从句缺少分成,what 与 who
A.. What B. Which C. That D. As

3. This article tells the readers ______ they can look for in an employee’s abilities.
翻译:文章告诉读者,他们可以在员工的能力中寻找什么
解析: 缺宾语 成分,look 是谓语, 对于整句话而言 This article 是主语 ,tells 是谓语 ,
the readers 是宾语 ,后面的从句是 宾语 , 宾语从句
A. that B.. what C. which D. how

4. _____ the sun is the center of the system is a difficult concept to grasp in Middle Age.
——————————————————————————————————————————
翻译:太阳是系统的中心,对于中世纪来说是一个很困难的概念
解析:主语从句不缺分成
A. waht B.. that C. where D. which


2.宾语从句

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在复合句中作宾语的从句叫作宾语从句
宾语从句分为三类:
1. 动词后的宾语从句 '*'
2. 介词后的宾语从句
3. 形容词后的宾语从句


例:
We know that light travels in straight lines.
————————————————————————————————————
我们知道光沿直线传播

Please tell us whether your parents agree with you
—————————————————————————————————————
请告诉我们你的父母是否同意你的意见

Scientists explain how they solve the problem.
———————————————————————
科学家解释他们如何解决这个问题


1. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + that + 句子
2. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + whether + 句子
3. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + how + 句子


1.'动词后的宾语从句'
例:
Mary asked where she could find the biggest park in the city.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————
玛丽问在哪里可以找到城里最大的公园

Joe wanted to know who bought him the gift.
———————————————————————
乔想知道是谁给他买的礼物

I don’t care whether he is the headmaster or not.
————————————————————————————————————
我不在乎他是不是校长

I insist that you(should)learn a second language.
————————————————————————————————————————
我坚持认为你应该学第二语言


2.'介词后的宾语从句'
例:
Our success depends on whether everyone works hard or not.
——————————————————————————————————
我们的成功取决于每个人是否很努力工作

My teacher was satisfied with what I did.
——————————
我的老师对我所做的感到满意

What we should take with us depends on where we’ll stay.
————————————————
我们应该带什么取决于我们住在哪里


3.'形容词后的宾语从句'
sure , certain , glad , pleased , happy , afraid,
surprised , satisfied , sorry 等表示“态度、情感”的
形容词也可以带宾语从句。

例:
We’re all pleased that we have once again overcome the difficulty.
———————————————————————————————————————————————
我们又一次克服了困难,大家都很高兴

I’m sure that they’ll make it in spited of the terrible weather.
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
我相信尽管天气很坏,他们还是会成功的

I’m extremely sorry that I have troubled you so much.
—————————————————————————————————
非常抱歉,给你添了这么多麻烦


/*练习*/
3. I am sure ____ you said is wrong.
翻译:我确信你说是错误的
解析:宾语从句中缺宾语成分, 你说的是错误的,没有承受对象,没有宾语
比如:我说谢谢 没有宾语, 我对你说谢谢 , 你就是宾语
A. which B. who C. this D..what


4.'宾语从句的注意事项'
a)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句需用陈述语序,引导词位于从句的句首。
whether 是否,主众、宾从 ; if 是否,宾从

例:
I am wondering if you could hepl me.
————————————————————
我想知道你是否能帮助我

Did you find out where she lost her car?
——————————————————————
你找到她的车在哪丢的了吗

b)宾语从句的时态
宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同,不同时态会受到主句时态的制约,主要注意以下几种情况:

【主句是现在时态或将来时,其宾语从句可能用任何适当的时态】
例:
She says (that)she works from Monday to Friday.
她说她从星期一到星期五工作

She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.
她说她将在他的桌子上留个便条

【主句是一般过去时,其宾语从句一般要用相应的过去时态】
例:
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon .
——————————————————————————————————————
他说昨天下午没有课

He siad that they were having a meeting at that time .
————————————————————————————————————————
他说他们那里正在开会。

【当宾语从句表达客观事实、真理和规律的句子时,不论语句时态如何,从句都用一般现在时态】
例:
The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.
————————————————————————————————
老师告诉我们太阳从东方升起

He said that light travels much faster than sound
——————————————————————————————————————————
他说光比声音传播得快得多

3.表语从句

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复合句中在连系动词后作表语的从句叫作表语从句。表语从句对主语进行解释说明,使主语的内容更加具体化。
表语从句的引导词有从属连词 that , whether , because(表语从句独有) ; 连接代词 what , who , which , whom , whose , whatever , whoever ; 连接副词 when , where , why , how 等

例:
My opinion is that the villager really didn’t understand the policeman.
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
我的看法是,村民真的不了解警察

The question is whether my parents agree with me.
————————————————————————————————
问题是我父母是否同意我

The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless.
————————————————————————————————
发生如此严重事故的原因是司机太粗心了

This is what I am interested in.
————————————————————————
这是我感兴趣的

That’s why I want you to work here
——————————————————————————
所以我才要你来这里工作

That’s because he didn’t understand me.
————————————————————————————————
那是因为他不理解我

It’s just because he doesn’t know her.
———————————————————————————
只是因为他不认识她

/*
注意*
当主句的主语为名词 reason 时,表语从句中的引导词要用 that , 而不用 why 或 because.
例:
The reason is that it is not expensive.
原因是它不贵
/

4.同位语从句

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【同位语?】
WuHan , my hometown , is very beautiful .
武汉 ,我的家乡 , 是非常美丽的
WuHan = my hometown 地位是相同的两个名词 ,同位语

同位语从句是用以解释、说明某一抽象名词具体内容的从句,常跟在某一抽象名词的后面。
同位语从句一般由从属连词 that , whether , 连接代词 who , what 或连接副词 why,
how 等引导。 而且引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。

例:
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.
————————————————————————————————————————————
承诺我你今晚要来参加我们的晚会

The question who should do the work requires consideration.
——————————————————————————————————————————————
谁该做这项工作这个问题需要考虑

We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
———————————————————————————————————————————
我们怀疑他们是否能按时完成任务


同位语从句常放在 fact , truth , doubt , question , idea , news , word , chance
information , suggestion , order , promise , possibility
等抽等名词后,说明该名词的具体内容。


7. Evidence came up _______ specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as
six months old.
翻译:有证据表明6个月大的婴儿就能识别特定的声音
解析:同位语从句, 不缺成分 选B , 缺成分 选A
A. what B. that C . which D. whose

5. 四语从句总结

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名词性从句分为 :主语从句 、 宾语从句 、 表语从句 、 同位语从句

1.【从属连词】

1. that + 句子 (无意 ,不当成分)

2. whether + 句子 / if + 句子 (“是否” , 不当成分)
["if" 宾从 独有 / 在介词后的宾语从句时 “if”用不了,只能用“whether” / if 不能与 or not 连用]
宾语从句时 whether or not ... 对 if or not ... 错

3. wh- + 句子
(主要 “what” 什么 如何、 “who” 谁 当成分,其他 wh 开头都不当成分,在从句里一般做 主语/宾语/表语 )

4. because [表从 独有] (“因为” , 不当成分)


例:
That prices of vegetables will go up is certain.
————————————————————————————————————
蔬菜价格要上涨是肯定的 (that 引导主语从句,在从句中不作成分)

Whether you win or not doesn’t matter.
——————————————————————
你赢不赢并不重要 (Whether 引导主语从句,在从句中不作成分)

He said that he had already known the news.
——————————————————————————————————
他说他已经知道这个新闻 (that 引导宾语从句,在从句中不作成分)

He asked if Mr White’s operation was successful.
—————————————————————————————————————
他问怀特先生的手术是否成功 (if 引导宾语从句,在从句中不作成分)

That’s because you miss him.
————————————————————
那是因为你想念他 (because 引导宾语从句,在从句中不作成分)

I am thinking about whether I should quit my present job.
————————————————————————————————————
我在考虑是否要辞掉现在的工作 (thinking about 介词 | whether 引导宾语从句,在从句中不作成分)

I don’t know whether or not he arrives.
——————————————————————————
我不知道他是否来了 ( if or not 错 | whether 引导宾语从句,在从句中不作成分)

What we should do with the problem is undecided.
——————————————————————————————————
我们该怎么处理这个问题还没有决定 (what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)

What he said encouraged me greatly.
————————————
他的话极大地鼓舞了我 (what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)

The question was who let out the secret.
———————————————————————
问题是谁泄露了这个秘密 (who 引导表语从句,在从句中作主语)

Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
——————————————————————
谁犯法就应该受到惩罚 ( whoever 引导主语从句,在从句中作主语 )

作业

  1. After the accident , I opened my eyes slowly and realized ______ I was still alive.
    翻译:事故发生后,我慢慢睁开眼睛,意识到我还活着
    解析: 不缺成分,意思也完整
    A. as B. which C. what D… that

  1. Evidence came up _____ specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as six months old.
    翻译:有证据表明6个月大的婴儿就能识别特定的声音
    解析:不缺成分
    A. what B… that C. which D. whose

  1. Nowadays consumers become more and more practical and only buy ______ they need .
    翻译:现在消费者变得越来越实际,只买他们需要的东西
    解析:缺宾语成分, A、C 意思不对
    A. where B. which C. when D… what

  1. ______ caused the accident hasn’t been found by the police.
    翻译:造成事故的原因还没有被警方发现
    解析:缺主语分成
    A… what B. that C. how D. where

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/*真题*/
1. There is no evdence _____ he was on the site of the murder.
翻译:没有证据他当时在谋杀现场
解析:不缺成分,意思也完整
A. where B.. that C. which D. how

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2. ______ was thought to be impossible in the past has now become a reality.
翻译:在过去是不可能的,现在变成了现实
解析:主语从句缺少分成,what 与 who
A.. what B. which C. that D. as

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3. This article tells the readers _____ they can look for in an employee’s abilities.
翻译:文章告诉读者,他们可以在员工的能力中寻找什么
解析: 缺宾语 成分,look for 是谓语, 对于整句话而言 This article 是主语 ,tells 是谓语 ,
the readers 是宾语 ,后面的从句是 宾语 ,
A. that B.. what C. which D. how

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/*名词性从句--练习*/

1. ______ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences.
翻译:时尚因国而异,可以反映文化差异
解析:不缺成分,意思也完整
A. what B.. that C. this D. which

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2. Do you know _____ this dictionary belongs to ?.
Let me see . Oh , it’s ______.
翻译:你知道这个字典是谁的吗? 让我看看,哦,它是我的
解析:缺宾语成分
A. who does ; mine B. who ; me C. whose ; mine D.. whom ; mine

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3. ______ caused the accident hasn’t been found by the police.
翻译:造成事故的原因还没有被警方发现
解析:缺主语成分
A.. what B. that C. how D. where

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4. After _____ seemed an endless wait , he entered the manager’s office.
翻译:经过似乎是漫长的等待之后,他走进了经理的办公室
解析:缺主语成分
A. that B. where C.. what D. it

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5. We can assign the task to _____ is capable and trustworthy .
翻译:我们可以把这项任务交给能干和值得信赖的人
解析:缺主语成分 B、D都对,D更符合句意
A. whomever B.. who C. whom D.. whoever

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. After the accident , I opened my eyes slowly and realized ______ I was still alive.
翻译:事故发生后,我慢慢睁开眼睛,意识到我还活着
解析: 不缺成分,意思也完整
A. as B. which C. what D.. that

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7. Evidence came up _____ specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as six months old.
翻译:有证据表明6个月大的婴儿就能识别特定的声音
解析:不缺成分
A. what B.. that C. which D. whose

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Nowadays consumers become more and more practical and only buy ______ they need .
翻译:现在消费者变得越来越实际,只买他们需要的东西
解析:缺宾语成分, A、C 意思不对
A. where B. which C. when D.. what

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9. Although Anne is happy with her success , she wonders _____ will happen to her private life.
翻译:虽然安妮对她的成功感到高兴,但她想知道她的私人生活将会发生什么
解析: 缺主语成分
A. it B. that C.. what D. this

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10. ______ I wanted to find out first was how long it would take to complete the bridge.
翻译:我首先想知道完成这座桥需要多长时间
解析:缺宾语
A. That B. Those C.. what D.. Which

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11. The question of _____ they are old or young is not important.
翻译:他们是老还是年轻的问题并不重要
解析:不缺成分 看句意 需要“是否”的意思, 句子是 主系表 选 B 宾语从句 才能选 D
A. which B.. whether C. how D. if

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12. There is much chance ______ the patient will recover form heart disease .
翻译:病人很有可能从心脏病中康复
解析:不缺成分
A.. that B. which C. until D. if

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13. ______ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
翻译:这家店的与众不同之处在于它提供了更多的个性化服务
解析:缺主语成分
A.. what B. who C. whatever D. whoever

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14. After three days’ waiting , there was a little doubt ____ the police could find the lost child .
翻译:经过三天的等待,人们怀疑警察是否能找到丢失的孩子
解析:不缺成分,根据句意需要“是否”的意思
A. how B. that C. where D.. whether

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15. After _______ seemed ages , the newsman disclosed the facts.
翻译:似乎过了很久,新闻记者才揭露了事实
解析:缺成分
A. there B. which C.. what D. that

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16. Energy is ______ makes things work.
翻译:能量使事物运转
解析:表语从句,缺表语成分
A.. what B. everything C. something D. anything

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17. I have no doubt _____ Mr.Johnson will make it here on time.
翻译:我确信约翰逊先生会准时到的
解析:不缺成分
A.. that B. whether C. why D. when

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18. _____ makes the school famous is that 90% of the students have been admitted to universities.
翻译: 使这所学校出名的是90%的学生都被大学录取了
解析: 缺主语成分
A.. what B. that C. it D. who

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19. News came _____ a terrible storm would take place in Hainan.
翻译:消息来了一场可怕的风暴将发生在海南
解析:不缺成分
A.. that B. which C. what D. when

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20. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and ______ it is rough or smooth.
翻译:大象有自己的方法来辨别物体的形状它是粗糙的还是光滑的
解析:宾语从句,不缺成分,根据句意需要“是否”的意思
A. 不填 B.. whether C. how D. what

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定语从句

1.基本概念

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定语从句:修饰名词

The duck that floats on the sea is the real on
——————————————————————
浮在海面上的鸭子才是真正的鸭子

1. 基本概念
位置:置于名词之后
先行词:被修饰的名词
关系词:定语从句引导词

例:
God helps the people who help themselves.
———————————————————
自助者天助之

2.重点关系词讲解

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   who/whom  : 先行词是人 ,who 主语/宾语	  whom 宾语
which : 先行词是物 主语/宾语
that : 先行词是人、物、人和物


who : 先行词是人
例:
He is the man who lives next door.
———————————————————
他是一个住在我隔壁的男人

I happened to meet the professor who/whom I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.
—————————————————————————————————
昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇到了在聚会上认识的教授 (who/whom 指代 professor , who/whom 作宾语成分)

/*关系词的作用————连接,指代,成分*/
He is the man who lives next door.
———————————————————
他是住在我隔壁的男人 (who 指代 man , who 作主语成分)

The train which has just left is for Beijing
———————————————————
刚刚离开的火车开往北京 (which 指代 train , which 作主语成分)

The lady that lives next door is a dancer
————————————————————
住在隔壁的女士是一个舞蹈家 (that 指代 lady , that 作主语成分)

1.【 who , whom 的用法】
二者都用于指人。who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语,whom 在定语从句中作宾语。
例:
He is the man who lives next door.
———————————————————
他是一个住在我隔壁的男人 (who 指代 man , who 作主语成分)

I happened to meet the professor who/whom I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.
—————————————————————————————————
昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇到了在聚会上认识的教授 (who/whom 指代 professor , who/whom 作宾语成分)

2.【 which 的用法】
指物,一般在从句中作主语、宾语
例:
The train which has just left is for Beijing
———————————————————
刚刚离开的火车开往北京 (which 指代 train , which 作主语成分)

The package which you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
_______________________
你运输的包裹将要打开了 (which 指代 train , which 作宾语成分)

3.【 that 的用法】
可以指人或物,指人时可与who , whom 互相,指物时可与 which 互换。
that 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。
例:
The man that you met at the airport is a famous actor.
———————————————————————————
你在机场遇到的那个人是个著名演员 (that 指代 man , that 作宾语成分)

This is the book that has been translated recently by that young man.
——————————————————————————————————
这就是那位年轻人最近翻译的那本书 (that 指代 book , that 作主语成分)

4.【 whose 的用法】 (...的)
whose 表示所有格,用法为“ whose + 名词 ” , 既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语
例:
This is the sudent _______ is the best in our school.
这就是我们学校书法最好的学生 [whose handwriting]

Please pass me the book ______ is green.
请传给我封面是绿色的书 [whose cover]

I know a gril whose brother is a singer
—————————————
我认识的一个女孩的哥哥是歌手

I live in a room whose windows are broken
——————————————
我住的房间的窗户是坏的

6.【定语从句中需要注意的问题】
a) 只能用that的情形
''当先行词是不定代词 all , little , everything , something , none 等时只能用 that.
例:
All that can be done has been done.
————————————————
所有可能被做的事情已经被做了

In this factory I found little that was different from ours.
—————————————————————————————
在这工厂我 发现很少(没有怎么发现) 与我们厂不同的

'' 当先行词被 the only , the very , any , few , little ,no 等修饰时只能用 that.
例:
Music is the only thing that interests me .
——————————————————
音乐是我唯一感兴趣的东西

This is the very book that I want.
————————————
这就是我想要的书

''当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级、或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰只能用 that 。
例:
The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide
—————————————————
我们现在要做的第一件事是找一个当地的导游

That hotel is the most expensive that I’ve ever stayed in.
————————————————————————
那家旅馆是我住过的最贵的旅馆

''当先行词既有人又有物时只能用 that.
例:
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the children’s Palace
——————————————————————————————————————
客人们高度赞扬了孩子们和他们在少年宫看到的表演

She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
————————————————————————
她在作文中描述了给她印象最深的人和地方

''当先行词在句中做表语时只能用that,且可以省略。
例:
He is not the man (that)he used to be.
他已不是过去的那个人了
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) 只能用which的情形
''非限制性定语从句中,只能用 which , 不用 that。
''非限制性定语从句:连接词前面有逗号 用which , that 前面没有逗号
例:
Have you ever read the famous book The Three Musketeers , which was written by Alexandre Dumas?
—————————————————————————————————————
你读过大仲马写的那本著名的书《三个火枪手》吗

''关系代词前有介词时,只能用 which
The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
————————————————————
我过去住过的那所房子已经变成了一家鞋店

The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s.
——————————————————————
你正在用的那支钢笔是杰夫的

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c) 只能用 who , 不能用 that 的情形
''先行词是 one , ones , anyone 或 those 指人的时候,只能用 who.
例:
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth
———————————————————————————————————
一个没什么害怕的人自已敢说出真相

The ones who flatter me don’t please me .
———————————————
奉承我的人不能取悦我

We don’t want anyone who can’t afford the tuitioin fee to drop our of school.
—————————————————————————————————
我们不希望任何付不起学费的人辍学

Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.
——————————————————————————————
那些不适合自己工作的人应该立即离职

''there be 结构中,主语指人的名词时只能用 who
例:
There is a gentleman who wants to see you.
————————————————————
有一位先生要见你

7.【关系代词的省略】
在限制性定语从句中,关系代词在从句中作宾语、表语 可以省略。
例:
I have never regretted the decision (that/which)I made years ago.
——————————————————————————————
我从来没有后悔我数年之前做的决定

After a score of years , John is not the naughty boy (that) he used to be.
———————————————————
二十年后,约翰不再是过去那个淘气的孩子了

The village is not the one(that)it was years ago . Great changes have taken place.
————————————————————————
这个村庄已不是多年前的那个村庄了。 发生了巨大的变化 (这里先行词one 为什么 不用who 因为这里 先行词one指的是物)

Generation gap is a problem(that)people are intereted in.
———————————————————————————————
代沟是人们感兴趣的一个问题

3.定语从句的书写

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睡在沙发上的猫很胖。
1.找主干 猫很胖 the cat is very fat
2.先连词(常用:which , who , that) which 与 that 都可用 the cat that is very fat
3.写定语“的”(的 字前面的字) sleep on the sofa the cat that sleep on the sofa is very fat
4.检查 “两个” 完整句子 第一句:主干 the cat is very fat 完整
第二句:从句 that 主语成分,指 the cat,the cat 是单三,sleep 是原型,也用单三 sleeps

the cat that sleeps on the sofa is very fat



/*练习*/
1.住在隔壁的女人是一个舞蹈家
找主干: the woman is a dancer
找连词: the woman who is a dancer
写定语“的” the woman who live next door is a dancer
检查 “两个” 完整句子 the woman who lives next door is a dancer

2.被孩子抛弃的老人很绝望
找主干: the old man is desperate
找连词: the old man who is desperate
写定语“的” the old man who is abandoned by children is desperate
检查 “两个” 完整句子 the old man who is abandoned by children is desperate

3.贴在门右侧的句子被称作为对联的上联
找主干: the sentence is called the first line of the couplet
找连词: the sentence that is called the first line of the couplet
写定语“的” the sentence that paste on the right door is called the first line of the couplet
检查 “两个” 完整句子 the sentence that is pasted on the right door is called the first line of the couplet

4.穿着中国传统服饰的美国女孩笑得很甜美
找主干: the American girl smiles sweetly
找连词: the American girl who smiles sweetly
写定语“的” the American girl who Wear traditional Chinese costume smiles sweetly
检查 “两个” 完整句子 the American girl who Wears traditional Chinese costume smiles sweetly

4.关系副词引导的定语从句

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 as , when , where , why

1.【as 引导定语从句主要用于两种情况:】
一种是限制性定语从句,先行词由 such 或 the same 等修饰;一种是非限制性定语从句(有逗号),修饰一个句子。
a) ''先行词由 such 或 the same 等修饰
例:
I bought the same dictionary as you bought.
——————————————
我买的字典和你买的一样

Jeffery is not such an intelligent person as you think.
————————————
杰弗瑞并不像你想的那样聪明

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) ''非限制性定语从句(有逗号),修饰一个句子 。可以位于主句前,主句后,主句中间
例:
As we had expected , the plan worked our very well.
——————————————————
正如我们所预料的,这个计划很成功

She , as we all know , can speak three foreign languages.
———————————————
我们都知道,她会说三门外语

He is a great hero , as is described in the report.
——————————————————————————————
正如报道中所描述的那样,他是一个伟大的英雄

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c)'' as 与 which 在非限制性定语从句(有逗号)的区别:
从句的位置不同,as 引导的定语从句位置比较灵活,可以放在主句之前、之中、之后,
而 which 一般放在主句之后。
例:
The Pacific , as we all know , is the largest ocean.
——————————————
我们都知道太平洋是最大的海洋

The pacific is the largest ocean , as we all know .
————————————————
我们都知道太平洋是最大的海洋

As we all know , the Pacific is the largest ocean.
———————————————
我们都知道太平洋是最大的海洋

The road was too slippery , which caused lost of accidents.
路太滑,造成许多事故

'' as 和 which 表达的意义不同
as 引导的定语从句意为“ 正如... , 像... ”
which 是对事情进行补充说明,表明事物的状态或结果,意为“ 这一点 ”

He was strongly against the plan , as could be expected.
——————————————————————
他强烈反对这项计划,这是可以预料的

Things then greatly changed , which surprised us.
————————————————————
事情发生了很大的变化,这让我们很惊讶

/*真题*/
4. ______ is known to us all , the moon moves around the earth.
翻译:正如我们都知道,月亮绕着地球转
解析: 主语从句 , 句子是 非限制性定语从句(有逗号)从句在逗号前 As
A. That B.. As C. which D. It


2.【 when 】
先行词为时间 time , date 等表示时间的名词。
例:
I will never forget the time when we first met
——————————————————
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的时候

Do you know the date when Lincoln was born ?
———————————————————————
你知道林肯出生的日期吗

'when 与 which 的区别?
'when 先行词一定是时间 ,引导的从句一定是完整的(不缺主宾)
'which 引导的从句一定是缺主或宾的

I will never forget the day when I first met Nate.
——————————————————————
我永远不会忘记我第一次遇见安娜的那一天

I will never forget the days which I spent on campus.
——————————————————————
我永远也不会忘记在学校度过的日子 (I spent on campus 我度过 校园 缺少宾语 时间 )

/*练习*/
12. Winter is the time of year ______ the days are short and nights are long.
翻译:冬天是一年中白天短晚上很长的时间
解析:先行词为时间, 后面句子中成分完整
A. where B.. When C. that D. which

3.【 where 】
where 地点 地点状语 (与 when 相似) 先行词是地点 引导完整的从句
which 可以地点
例:
This is the city which they talked about
——————————————————————
这是他们谈论的城市

This is the city where they grew up
———————————————————
这是他们成长的城市 grew up 成长 不需要宾语 是个主谓结构 已完整

keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.
————————————————————————————————
把书放在你容易找到的地方

He did all his research in the room where he lived.
——————————————
他所有的研究都是在他住的房间里进行的 (he lived 他住 主谓结构 ,已完整)

/*练习*/
In Kuwait , ______ there are many oil wells but no rivers , fresh water had to be brought in
boats from 100 miles away.
翻译:在科威特,有许多油井但没有河流,淡水必须用船只从100英里外运来
解析:先行词为地点, 后面句子中成分完整
A. which B.. where C. what D. that (只有that不能引导 非限制性定语从句(有逗号))

In Norway , _____ is a Baltic country , you can see the mid-night sun.
翻译:在挪威, 一个波罗的海国家 ,你能看见半夜出太阳
解析:先行词为地点, 后面句子中缺主语成分
A.. which B. where C. that D. one

4. The Great Wall is the place ______ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to China.
翻译:长城是几乎所有游客来到中国都想去参观的地方
解析:先行词为地点, 后面句子中缺宾语成分
A. where B.. which C. in which D. on which

16. I’ll show you a store ______ you may buy all _____ you need.
翻译:我给你展示一家你可以买到你所需要的所有东西的商店
解析:第一个空:先行词“store” 地点 ,“you may buy all” 主谓宾 完整 选 where
第二个空:先行词“all” ,只能用 that , 在限制性定语从句中,关系代词在从句中作宾语、表语 可以省略
A.. where ; / B. where ; which C. which ; that D. that; that

7. After living in Paris for fifty years ,
he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
翻译:在巴黎生活了五十年之后,他回到了那个他长大的小镇
解析:先行词 town 城镇 地点 , 后面的从句 完整
A. which B.. where C. that D. when

4.【 why 】
why 指原因或理由,它的先行词只有 reason
例:
Is this the reason why she refused our offer?
——————————————————————————
这就是她拒绝我们提议的原因吗

The reason why he did that is quite clear.
——————————————————————————————
他做那件事的原因是很清楚的

5. “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 的用法

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/*真题*/
5. Immigrants have to adapt themselves culturally and physically to the new surrouncdings
_______ they have moved.
翻译:移民必须使自己在文化上和身体上适应新的环境,他们已经搬家了
A. on which B. by which C. into which D. from which


' 定语从句中的介词可置于关系代词之前
' “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构 , 该结构中的关系代词可用 whom , which , whose 不可用 that.

1.【“ 介词 + whom / which / whose ” 结构中关系代词的确定】
a)''指人时用 whom
例:
The man wich whom I communicated just now my cousin.
———————————————————————————————————————————
我刚才交流的那个人是我表弟

b)''指物时用 which
例:
Here is the money wich which I can buy a piano
————————————————————————————
这我买钢琴的钱

c)''表示所属关系时用 whose , 可指人或指物
例:
I am grateful to my headteacher ,
with whose help I have managed to pass the exam.
————————————————————————————————————————————————
我感谢我的中小学老师,老师帮助我设法通过了考试

【三在线索】

1)''介词和从句动词
例:
This is the house in which I live.
————————————————
这是一个我住的房子
原因:“which I live in” 动词 live 和 介词 in 是一个搭配,但英文里不一般不以介词结尾,所有搬到了从句前

We should preserve the freedom _____ our ancestors fought.
我们应该维护自由我们的祖先为此战斗过
fought fight的过去式,战斗、奋斗 , fight for 为...而战斗/奋斗 答案:for which

It is the theory _____ many economists subscribe.
这是许多经济学家赞同的理论
subscribe :订阅、赞同 subscribe to :赞同 答案:to which

One of the children came to us , to whom we gave some candies. (give sth . to sb.)
————————————————————————————
其中一个孩子向我们走来,我们给了他一些糖果

Yesterday I came across the man about whom you talked last time. (talk about sb./sth)
————————————————————————————————
昨天我遇到了你上次谈到的那个人


2)''介词是句意需要

原:This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
————————————————————————————————

无介词时: This is the camera which he often takes photos
——————————————————————————
/*
方法:
a. 先行词带入从句 ( which he often takes photos camera ) 意思:他经常照相 相机
意思不顺需要介词,wich 用、靠 ,(which he often takes photos wich camera) 意思:他经常用相机照相

b. 组合过程中,是否需要介词衔接


/*练习*/
I bought a great many books , ______ which I spent all my money.(spend sth on sth :花...在...上)
翻译:我买了很多著名的书,花费了我所有的钱
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“spent”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“books”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which I spent all my money books 意思:我花费了我所有的钱 书 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which I spent all my money on books 我花费了我所有的钱在书上
答案:on

Is this the car ______ which you paid a high price?
翻译:这就是你付出高价买的那辆车吗 ?
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“paid”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“car”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which you paid a high price car 意思:我付出高价 车 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which you paid a high price for car 我付出高价为了车
答案:for

例:
In ten years , Jill went form working in the post office to running the company ,
_____ which more than 1000 people now work.
翻译:十年后,吉尔从在邮局工作到经营公司,现在有1000多人在这家公司工作
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“work”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“company”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which more than 1000 people now work company 意思:现在有1000多人工作 公司 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which more than 1000 people now work in company 现在公司里有1000多人工作
答案:in

The colourless gas _____ which we cannot live is called oxygen.
翻译:没有这种无法气体我们不能活称为氧气
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“live”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“gas”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which we cannot live gas 意思:我们不能活气体 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which we cannot live without gas without:没有 我们没有气体不能活
答案:without

Here is the money ______ which I can buy a piano
翻译:这我买钢琴的钱
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“buy”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“money”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which I can buy a piano money 意思:我买钢琴 钱 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which I can buy a piano wich money with:用 我用钱买钢琴
答案:with

I remember the day ______ which I graduated from university.
翻译:我想起大学毕业的那一天
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“graduated”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“day”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which I graduated from university day 意思:我大学毕业 天 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which I graduated from university on day 那天我大学毕业了
答案:on

This is the camera _____ which he often takes photos
翻译:这是他经常拍照片的照像机
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“takes”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“camera”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which he often takes photos camera 意思:他经常照相 相机 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which he often takes photos with camera 他经常用相机照相
答案:with


/* 练习 */
例:
1. They went to the library _______ they borrowed a lot of books.
翻译:他们去借了许多图书馆的书
解析: 关系代词 library 博物馆 事物 用 which
方法一: 1. 从句动词“borrowed”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“library”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which they borrowed a lot of books library 意思:他们借许多书图书馆 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which they borrowed a lot of books from library 他们从图书馆借了很多书
答案:from which

2. We carefully examined the photo ______ we could see the sadness of the actor.
翻译:我们仔细查看了这张照片,从中可以看出演员的悲伤
解析: 关系代词 photo 图片 事物 用 which
方法一: 1. 从句动词“see”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“photo”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which we could see the sadness of the actor photo 意思:我们可以看出演员的悲伤图片 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which we could see the sadness of the actor in photo 我们从图片里可以看出演员的悲伤
答案:in which

3. The balloon _____ we travelled was filled with hot air.
翻译:我们乘坐的气球充满了热空气
解析: 关系代词 balloon 图片 事物 用 which
方法一: 1. 从句动词“filled”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“balloon”放入从句中,找适合介词连接(交通工具 介词一般用“by”)
which we travelled was filled with hot air balloon 意思: 我们的旅行充满了热气 气球 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which we travelled was filled with hot air by balloon 我们乘坐的热气球充满了热气
答案:by which

4. There were two ships _____ which they had come to the island.
翻译:他们是乘两艘船来到岛上的
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“come to”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“ships”放入从句中,找适合介词连接(交通工具 介词一般用“by”)
which they had come to the island ships 意思: 他们来到了岛上船 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which they had come to the island by ships 他们是乘船来这个岛的
答案:by

5. I can’t remember the name of the person ____ whom I gave the money.
翻译:他们是乘两艘船来到岛上的
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“gave”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“person”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
whom I gave the money person 意思: 我把钱给了他人个人 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
whom I gave the money where to person 我把钱给了那个人
答案:to

6. Here is the money ______ which I can buy a piano
翻译:这我买钢琴的钱
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“buy”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“money”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
which I can buy a piano money 意思:我买钢琴 钱 需要介词连接否则意思不顺
which I can buy a piano wich money with:用 我用钱买钢琴
答案:with



7. This is the girl ____ I like.
翻译:这是我喜欢的女孩
解析: 方法一: 1. 从句动词“like”有什么适合搭配
方法二: 2. 将 先行词“girl”放入从句中,找适合介词连接
I like girl 意思:我喜欢女孩 不需要介词
答案:who (为什么不用 whom? “ 介词 + whom / which / whose ” 结构中关系代词的确定 )

3)'' “数词/代词/最高级 + of + which/whom”
结构此类结构常见的有
“ some / several / a few / a little / many / most / three/ the largest + of + which/whom ” 等形式

例:
Here are the questions , some of which I thought difficult for you.
—————————————————————————————————————————
下面是一些问题,我认为其中一些对你来说很难

Present at the meeting were experts on DNA , most of whom came from the US.
—————————————————————————————
出席会议的是DNA方面的专家,他们大多数来自美国

I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were english novels.
——————————————————————————————————
我从书店买了一些书,其中三本是英语小说

He has six daughters , the tallest of whom is Lily.
————————————————————————————
他有六个女儿,其中个子最高的是莉莉


4)'' 关系词的替代
/* where = in which*/
例:
This is the town where Shakespeare was born.
————————————————————————————
解析:先行词“town” 城镇 地点 后面句子成分完整 用where
翻译:这个是莎士比亚出生的城镇

I forget the exact place where I had hidden the box.
——————————————————————————
解析:先行词“place” 城镇 地点 后面句子成分完整 用where
翻译:我忘了把箱子藏在什么确切的地方了


/* when = in which(天) 或 in which(年) */
例:
I’ll never forget the days when we studied together
————————————————————————
解析:先行词“days” 日子 时间 后面句子成分完整 用when
翻译:我永远忘不了我们在一直学习的日子

The year when the earthquake happened was 1976
—————————————————————————————————————
解析:先行词“year” 年 时间 后面句子成分完整 用when
翻译:地震发生的那一年是1976年


/* why = for which */
例:
There in no reason why we shouldn’t be frineds.
————————————————————————————
解析:先行词“reason” 原因 事物 后面句子成分完整 用why
翻译:没有我们不做朋友的原因

I’d like you to explain the reason why you were absent.
————————————————————
解析:先行词“reason” 原因 事物 后面句子成分完整 用why
翻译:我想你去解释你缺席的原因

6.定语从句中的主谓一致

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a) '定语从句中的关系代词作主语时,从句谓语动词要与先行词的人称、数保持一致。
例:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
解析:who 或 that 指前面 man , 后面 从句中的谓语 wants(单三),根据前面的名词 the man 变单复数
翻译:他是那个想要去见你的男人吗?

b) '先行词为“ one of the + 复数名词” 时 , 关系代词从句主语,谓语动词用复数。
例:
Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.
翻译: 弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一
解析: 谓语动词want 修饰“students”复数

b) '先行词为“ the only one of the + 复数名词 ” 时 , 关系代词从句主语,谓语动词用单数。
例:
He is the only one of the sudents who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
翻译: 他是学生中唯一一个连续三年获得奖学金的人
解析: 谓语动词has 修饰“one”单数

7.定语从句与同位语从句的区别

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a) '从从名前的名词上区别
同位语从句前只能是 idea , doubt , news , hope 等这类抽象名词;
定语从句的 先行词 可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
例:
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我们不是在调查他是否值得信任的问题【同位语】

Our team won the game , which made us very happy.
我们队赢了比赛,这使我们很高兴 【定语从句】

b) '从引导词上区别
同位语:that 、 whether 、 what 、 when .....
定 从:who 、which 、 that 、when 、where ....
例:
That question whether we need it has not been cosidered.
我们是否需要它的问题还没有得到考虑

He showed me his new cellphone which he bought yesterday.
他给我看他昨天买的新手机

c) '从引导词在句子中所作的成分区别
that在定语从句中必须作成分 , 而that引导同位语从句时则仅起连接作用
例:
We received on order that we should send a few people to help them.
—————————————————————————————————————————————
我们接到命令,要派几个人去帮助他们 【同位语】

The oredr that we received was to send a few people to help them.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
我们接到派几个人去帮助他们的命令 【定从】

作业

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	/*改错*/
1. He is the man who he taught me English
解析:who 指代 man , he 多余
他是教我英文的男人

2. I gave the book that he needed it to him.
解析:that 指代 book , it 多余
我把他需要的那本书给了他

3. The airline has a booklet who will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe.
解析:先行词“booklet” 事物 who 错 用 which/that
这家航空公司有一本小册子,会告诉你去欧洲旅行的大部分重要事情

4. I met a woman who her husband is a famous lawyer.
解析: whose(...的) 修饰人/物 女人的丈夫 , who her 多余
我遇到一位妇女,她的丈夫是一位著名的律师

5. Let ABC be a triangle which sides are of unequal length.
解析: whose(...的) 修饰人/物 三角形的边 which 多余
设ABC是一个边长不等的三角形

6. He dropped in on an old frined that day where he visited his club.
解析: 先行词 “day” 时间 用 when where多余
那天他去俱乐部时顺便去拜访了一位老朋友

7. The day , when began brightly , ended whith a violent storm.
解析: when 引导的从句需要是完整的, 但when在从句作主语成分 用 which
这一天,刚开始时阳光明媚,结束时却狂风大作

【定语从句】
1. The number of the students _____ stayed up late last night reached fifty.
翻译:昨晚熬夜的学生人数达到了50
解析:先行词“students”,人 用 who 或 whom who 作主语成分

A.. who B. whom C. what D. which
人--作主、宾 人-作宾-前面有介词 物-主语/宾语

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. He is quite worn out from years of hard work . He is not the man ______ he was twenty years ago.
翻译:多年的艰苦工作使他十分疲惫 他已不是二十年前的那个人了
解析:先行词“man”,人 用 who 或 whom 或 that that 作表语成分

A. which B.. that C. who D. whom
物-主语/宾语 人和物--作主宾表 作主、宾 作宾,用于前面有介词

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Firms that use computers have found that the number of stuff ______ is needed
for quality control can be reduced.
翻译:使用计算机的公司发现质量控制所需材料的数量可以减少
解析:先行词“stuff”,物 用 that that 作主语成分

A. whose B. as C. what D.. that
whose(...的) 修饰人/物 限定性 人和物--作主宾表

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. The Great Wall is the place ______ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to China.
翻译:
解析:先行词“place” 地方 用 where / which which 作宾语

A. where B. to which C. in which D.. which
where = in which 引导完整的从句 物-主语/宾语

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. The color of red , ______ meaning is good luck and happiness , is important in Chinese culture.
翻译:红色象征着好运和幸福,在中国文化中很重要
解析:先行词“red”,人 用 whose whose 作主语成分 ..的

A. why B. which C. where D.. whose
先行词只有 reason 物-主语/宾语 where=in which 引导完整的从句 whose(...的) 修饰人/物

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. _____ is known to every body , the moon travels round the earth once every month.
翻译:众所周知,月球每个月绕地球一周
解析:非限制性定语从句(有逗号), 用 AS

A. It B.. As C. That D. What
先行词由 such 或 the same 等修饰; 人和物--作主宾表
一种是非限制性定语从句(有逗号)
放任何地点

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. After living in Paris for fifty years , he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
翻译:在巴黎生活了50年后,他回到了他小时候长大的那个小镇
解析:先行词“town”,地点 用 where

A. which B.. where C. that D. when
物-主语/宾语 where=in which 引导完整的从句 人和物--作主宾表 when 先行词一定是时间
引导的从句一定是完整的(不缺主宾)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. The gentleman _____ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
翻译:你昨天告诉我的那位先生原来是个小偷
解析:先行词“gentleman”,人 用 who 或 whom tell sb about sth 告诉某人某事 about whom

A. who B.. about whom C. whom D. with whom
人--作主、宾 人-作宾-前面有介词

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. I still remember the day ____ she first wore that pink dress.
翻译:我仍然记得她第一次穿那件粉红色连衣裙的那天
解析:先行词“day”,时间 用when on which 作主语成分

A. which B. in which C. on that D.. on which
物-主语/宾语 when = on which(天) 或 in which(年)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. The worked for two hours to rescue the man ____ was injured in the accident.
翻译:为了营救在事故中受伤的人,他们工作了两个小时
解析:先行词“man”,人 用 who 或 whom who 作主语成分

A. whose B. which C. why D.. who
人--作主、宾

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. Finally came the day _____ he had to begin his study for the next term.
翻译:他必须开始下学期学习的日子终于到来了
解析:先行词“day”,时 用 when

A. which B. since C. that D.. when
不完整 when 先行词一定是时间
引导的从句一定是完整的(不缺主宾)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Winter is the time of year _____ the days are short and nights are long.
翻译:冬天是一年中昼短夜长的时候
解析:先行词“year”,时间 用 when = on which(天) 或 in which(年)

A. where B.. when C. that D. on which
when 先行词一定是时间 不完整
引导的从句一定是完整的(不缺主宾)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. We have a learning center _____ kids do independent and self-directed learning activities.
翻译:我们有一个学习中心,孩子们可以在那里进行独立自主的学习活动
解析:先行词“center”,地点 用 where

A. which B. when C.. where D. whose

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. Carol said the work should be done by October , ______ personally , I doubt very much.
翻译:卡罗尔说这项工作应在十月前完成,我个人对此表示怀疑
解析:从句缺宾语成分

A. It B. that C. when D.. which
不能用非限制性定语 when 先行词一定是时间
引导的从句一定是完整的(不缺主宾)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15. Do you know the reason ____ she got so angry yesterday?
翻译:昨晚熬夜的学生人数达到了50
解析: why 指原因或理由,它的先行词只有 reason

A. for all B. for that C. which D.. why

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16. I’ll show you a store ____ you may buy all ____ you need.
翻译:我将带你去一家商店,在那里你可以买到所有你需要的东西
解析:第一个空:先行词 store 地点 in whichl = where
第二个空:当先行词是不定代词 all , little , everything , something , none 等时只能用 that
that 在从句中作宾语、表语 可以省略

A.. in which ; / B. where ; which C. which ; that D. that ; that


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17. The scientist and his achievements _____ you told me about are admired by us all.
翻译:你告诉我的那位科学家和他的成就为我们所有人所钦佩
解析:先行词“scientist” 和 “achievements”, 人和物 用 that

A. which B. who C. that D. what
物 人 人和物

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18. She hasn’t got enough money _____ you can buy the rings.
翻译:她没有足够的钱供你买戒指
解析:先行词“money”,物 用 which with 用 用钱买戒指

A. which B. that C.. with which D. for which


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19. I like watching TV shows _____ people show their hidden talents.
翻译:我喜欢看人们展示他们隐藏的才能的电视节目
解析: 从句成分完整 C 、D 排除 A 是先行词 时间

A. when B.. where C. which D. that


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20. In Canada , skating and ice-hockey are popular with teenagers ,
many of _____ play them from early age.
翻译:在加拿大,滑冰和冰球深受青少年的喜爱,他们中的许多人从小就开始玩
解析:先行词“teenagers”,人 用 who 或 whom of 是介词 ,后面跟whom

A. who B. that C. which D.. whom

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

状语从句

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/*真题*/
3. A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain ___.
翻译:一个六年没有水的沙漠地区在下雨的时候仍然会开花
A.. comes B. will come C. has come D. would come


什么是状语从句?
对 谓语 或对 整个句子 进行修饰或限制

例:
When I was born , some purple air came from the east.
————————————————
当我出生的时候,一些紫色的空气从东方飘来
came from :动词 意思:飘来 状语从句“ When I was born ”修饰 谓语“came from”
什么时候飘来? 当我出生的时候飘来

Please bury me in the spring if I die in loneliness one day.
——————————————————————————————
如果有一天我老无所依 请把我留在在那时光
bury : 动词 意思:埋 状语从句“ if I die in loneliness one day ”修饰 谓语“ bury ”
什么条件下埋? 如果有一天我老无所依了埋

1.时间状语从句

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	  ' 引导时间状语从句的词有:
when , while , as(随着) , before , after , until / till (直到...才) , as soon as(一...就...) ,
since(自从、因为), each time , next time , the moment(某一刻), immediately(立刻、马上) , instantly (立刻、马上)

1.1 when 和 while 引导时间状语的用法(当...的时候)
例:
When you are crossing the street , you must be careful.
当你过马路时,你必须小心

While they were talking , the bell rang.
当他们正在谈话时,铃响了

You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV.
你不能一边看电视一边做作业

1.2 when 引导的时间状语从句中,从句谓语动词可用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词;
while 引导从句的谓语必须是延续性动词。
例:
He was working at the table when I went in .
我进去时,他正在桌子旁工作 (I went in 我进去 非延续性,短暂)

While/When I was cleaning the room , my mother was washing my clothes.
当我在打扫房间时,我妈妈在给我洗衣服 (I was cleaning the room 我在打扫房间 延续性)


2.as 引导的时间状语从句的动作与主句动作同时发生。表示“ 正当... 、 一边... 一边... 、 随着... ”
例:
The students took notes as they listened to the teacher in class.
学生们一边听课一边记笔记

The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.
随着高度的增加,大气变得越来越稀薄

3. before 意为 “ 在...之前 ”
引导时间状语从句时,在从句动作之前
例:
We cleaned the classroom before we left school yesterday.
昨天我们离开学校前打扫了教室

It will not be long before you regret for what you’ve done.
不久你就会为你所做的事感到后悔的

4. after 意为 “在...之后” , 引导时间状语从句时,表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之后。
例:
After you use plastic bags , you mustn’t throw them out.
用完塑料袋后,你不可以把它们扔掉

He called me after he had finished his work.
他完成工作后给我打了电话

5. since 常表示 “自从...以来” ,主句常用现在完成时,从句常用一般过去时
例:
We have been fiends ever since we met at school.
自从我们在学校认识之后,我们就一直是好朋友

We haven’t seen each other since we parted.
我们分手后就没见过面

6. as soon as 意为“ 一...就... ”,表示从句动作一发生,主句的动作马上发生。
例:
I’ll tell him about it as soon as he comes back.
他一回来我就告诉他这件事

As soon as he heard the news , he jumped with joy.
他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来

2.地点状语从句

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引导地点状语从句的常用词有 where 、 wherever 等

1.where 在...的地方
例:
I found all the missing things where I had left them.
我在原来的地方找到了所有丢失的东西

2.wherever 无论
例:
Let’s go wherever this path will take us.
这条路通向哪里,我们就去哪里


3.原因状语从句

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引导原因状语从句的常用词有
because(因为) 、 since(既然) 、 as(因为) 、 now that(既然) 、 in that(因为) 、
for the reason that(由于) 、 seeing that(考虑到) 、considering that(考虑到) 等

1.because (因为)
表示因果关系时,语气最强
例:
He failed the exam because he didn’t work hard
他考试不及格是因为他不努力

2.since (既然... )
表示人们已知的事实
例:
Since Monday is Bob’s birthday , let’s give him a party.
星期一是鲍勃的生日,我们给他开个晚会吧

Since you are free tonight ,why not drop in and play chess with me?
既然你今晚有空,何不顺道来和我下棋呢?

3.as ( 因为 )
as 与 since 用法差不多,所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显,不需要用beacuse 加强调
例:
She didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep.
她睡着了,没有听见我们进来

As you are in poor health , you should not stay up late.
既然你身体不好,你就不应该熬夜

/*
注意:for也可以表示原因,但它是并列连词,一般表示附加说明的作用,不可放可首。
例:
We should be more careful , for it was dark outside.

*/
4. 短语引导词引导的原因状语从句
now that(既然) , seeing that(考虑到) , for the reason that(由于) ,
considering that(考虑到) , in that(因为) 等。
例:
I like the city , but I prefer the country in that there’s fresher air.
我喜欢城市,但我更喜欢乡村,因为那里的空气更新鲜

Now that you have come , you may as well stay
既然你来了,不妨就留下吧

Seeing that he is inexperienced , he is not fit for the work
由于没有经验,他不适合做这项工作

Considering that the traffic is heayy at this time of day ,
we’ll have to wait a little longer.
考虑到每天这个时候的交通拥挤,我们不得不多等一段时间

I often go to the concert for the simple reason that I love music.
我经常去听音乐会,由于我喜欢音乐

4.目的状语从句

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引导目的的状语从句的常用词有 
so that(所以、以便于) 、 in order that(为了 ,后面接句子) 、 in case(万一、假设) 、
for fear that(以免) 、for the purpose that(为了...目的) 、 lest(以免) 等 ,
且从句中常有情态动词 can , could , may , might , should 等。
'常见的固定搭配: in order to 为了 后面往往接动词 '

例:
We climbed very high so that we could get a better view.
我们爬得很高,以便能看得更清楚

I often open the window in order that fresh air can come in.
我经常打开窗户,以便新鲜空气能进来

5.结果状语从句

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常用词有
so that(所以) 、 so...that...(如此的... 以至于...) 、 such...that...(如此的... 以至于...)等

1. so that
例:
We moved to the country so that we were away from the noisy and dull city.
我们搬到了乡下,这样我们就远离了喧闹和沉闷的城市

2. so... that ...
|——————————————————————————————|
| 形容词/副词 |
| many / few + 可数名词复数 |
so + | much / little + 不可数名词 | + that + 从句
| 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 |
|——————————————————————————————|
例:
Kathy is so lovely that we all like to play with her.
凯西很可爱,我们都喜欢和她一起玩

There were so few mistakes in his composition that the teacher praised him.
他的作文错误很少,老师表扬了他

There’s so little time left that we have to speed up.
剩下的时间不多了,我们必须加快速度

3. such... that...
such... that... 引导结果状语从句,可能构成下结构:
|——————————————————————————————|
| a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 |
such + | 形容词 + 可数名词复数 | + that + 从句
| 形容词 + 不可数名词 |
|——————————————————————————————|
例:
He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.
他是一位好老师,我们都尊敬他

These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer.
这些问题太难了,我们谁也回答不了

We had such terrible weather that we couldn’t finish the work on time.
天气很糟糕,我们不能按时完成工作

6.条件状语从句

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常用词有 if(如果) 、unless(除非) 、 as/so long as(只要) 、 in case(万一) 、 on condition that(在...条件下) 、 
supposing(that)(假使、假设)、 given(that)(考虑到) 、 providing(that)/ provided(that)(倘若)等


例:
I will buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money.
如果我能存够钱,我就买台电脑

You will fail the exam unless you study hard.
如果你不努力学习,你考试会不及格的

I’m happy as long as you are happy.
只要你开心,我就开心

He won’t be against us in the meeing provided that we ask for his advice in advance.
如果我们提前询问他的意见,他就不会在会上反对我们

7.让步状语从句

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常用词有 although(虽然) 、 though(虽然) 、 as(虽然) 、 even if(即使) 、 even though(即使) 、
while(虽然) 、whereas(虽然)、 no matter + 疑问句 、 疑问词-ever 等

例:
Although it’s raining , they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活

We won’t be discouraged (even if)/(though)we fail again.
即使我们再次失败,我们也不气馁

While I am willing to help you , I do not have enough time.
虽然我愿意帮助你,但我没有足够的时间

Some praise him , whereas others condemn him.
一些人赞扬他,虽然另一些人谴责他

' wh-ever 类词引导的让步状语从句 '
常可换成 “ no matter + wh-词 ” 无论...
例:
Whatever(= No matter what)happened , he would not mind.
不管发生什么事,他都不会介意

I’ll wait for you however(= no matter how )late it is.
不管多晚,我还是要等你

Whoever(= no matter who)you are , you must obey the law.
无论你是谁,你都必须遵守法律

Whatever(= no matter what)you say , I won’n believe you.
不管你说什么,我都不会相信你

You can come whenever( = no matter when) you are free.
你什么时候有空就什么时候来

' as 引导让步状语从句时 '
从句中的表语、状语从句首,若是单数可数名词还要去掉冠词。
例:
Child as he was , he knew what was the right thing to do.
虽然他还是个孩子,但他知道该做什么
= Though he was a child , he knew what was the right thing to do.
虽然 主 系 表

/* 表 + as + 主 + 系 */

8. 方式状语从句

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常用词有 as 、 as if 、 as though 等。 
“as...” : 按照...
例:
You ought to do as Paul tells you.
你应该照保罗说的去做

as if / as though
" 仿佛...似的,好像...似的 "
多用虚假语气,表示与真实相反; /* as if + 虚假(不可能的) 现在时态用 did/were */
有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。

例:
You look as if you were a fairy
你看起来像个仙女

He looks (as if) / (as though) he had been hit by thunder.
他看上去就像被雷击了一样

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来


作业

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	1. ____ you do , don’t miss this exhibition , for it’s so hard for me to get the tickets.
翻译:无论你做什么,不要错过这个展览,因为我很难弄到票
分析:【让步状语从句】 wh-ever = no matter + wh-词 意思:无论...
A.. Whatever B. However C. Whenever D. Whether

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2. We won’t take action _____ we believe things are getting better.
翻译:我们不会采取行动除非我们相信情况正在好转
分析:【条件状语从句】 unless 除非
A. though B. however C.. unless D. where
虽然 但是 除非 在哪里

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3. We should buy our daughter a computer in _____ it can help to improve her English.
翻译:我们应该在给我们的女儿买一台电脑,因为它可以帮助提高她的英语
分析:【原因状语从句】
A. which B.. that C. what D. whom
虽然 in that :因为 什么 谁

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4. This new coat cost me _____ the one I bought two years ago.
翻译:这件新外套的价钱是我两年前买的那件的三倍
分析:【倍数】 as + 形容词/副词 + as
This building is fwo times as high as that building
翻译:这座楼是那座楼的两倍高
A. three times B.. three times as mush as
C. three times as much D. three times much as

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5. Some parents can’t afford enough time to accompany their children _____ they want to.
翻译:一些父母没有足够的时间陪他们的孩子,即使他们想
分析:【让步状语从句】
A. as if B.. even if C. because D. befor
就好像 即使 因为 在……之前

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6. _____ I met Mr.Whit for the first time , did everything to help him.
翻译:当我第一次见到威特先生时,我竭尽全力帮助他
分析:【时间状语从句】
Since + 一般过去式 , 主句子一定是现在完成时
后面:have did everything to help him 就对
A. Since B. If C.. While D. Unless
自从、因为 如果 虽然、当...时候 除非

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7. I have heard a lot of good things about you ______ I came back from abroad.
翻译:自从我从国外回来,我听到了许多关于你的好话
分析:【时间状语从句】
Since + 一般过去式(come -- came) , 主句子一定是现在完成时 (have heard)
A.. since B. until C. before D. when
自从、因为 直到...才 之前

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8. _____ online shopping has changed our life , not all of its effects have been positive.
翻译:虽然网上购物改变了我们的生活,并不是所有的影响都是积极的
分析:【让步状语从句】
A. Since B. After C.. While D. Unless
自从、因为 之后 虽然、当...时候 除非

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9. ______ great progress we have made , we should be clear that we still have a long way to go .
翻译:无论我们已经取得了巨大的进步,我们应该清楚,我们还有很长的路要走
分析:【让步状语从句】
However = no matter how + 形容词 (great progress) 巨大的进步 名词词组
A. However B. How C.. Whatever D. No matter how


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10. _____ he has made up his mind to do something , nothing will stop him .
翻译:一旦他下定决心去做什么,什么也阻止不了他
分析:
A.. Once B. Before C. Although D. Unless
一旦 之前 虽然 除非
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11. ______ you visit the website , you can find the information you need.
翻译:只要你访问这个网站,你就能找到你需要的信息
分析:【条件状语从句】
A. As far as B.. As long as C. As good as D. As well as
就……而言 只要 和...一样好 也

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12. After you have used the dictionary , please put it back _____ it belongs.
翻译: 你用完字典后,请把它放回原处
分析:【地点状语从句】
A.. where B. to which C. what D. that
在哪里

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13. Don’t promise anything _______ you are one hundred percent sure.
翻译:不要做任何承诺,除非你有百分之百的把握
分析:【条件状语从句】
A. Whatever B. after C. how D.. unless
无论.. 之后 如何 除非
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14. We were in _____ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.
翻译:我们走的时候太着急了,结果忘了带机票
分析:【结果状语从句】
so...that...(如此的... 以至于...) 、 such...that...(如此的... 以至于...)
so + 形容词 such + 名词

A. a rush so anxious B. a such anxious rush
C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush

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15. I had hardly got to the office _____ my wife phone me to go back at once .
翻译:我一刚到办公室我妻子就立刻打电话让我回去
分析:
固定搭配 hardly ... when no sooner ... than
一...就... 一...就...
A.. when B. than C. until D. after
直到...才 之后

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16. Mark needs to learn Chinese _____ his company is opening a branch in beijing.
翻译:马克需要学习中文_____他的公司要在北京开分公司
分析:【条件状语从句】
A. unless B. until C. although D.. since
除非 直到...才 虽然 自从、因为
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then , _____ he’s in his nineties.
翻译:我祖父现在还打网球,即使他已经九十多岁了
分析:【让步状语从句】
A. as long as B. as if C.. even though D. in case
就好像 即使 万一

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18. Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice , _____ they knew it to be valuable.
翻译:许多人对他的建议充耳不闻即使他们知道这是有价值的
分析:【让步状语从句】
A. as if B. now that C.. even though D. so that
就好像 既然 即使

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19. _____ Tom has no interest in piano , there is no point pushing him to learn it.
翻译:既然汤姆对钢琴没有兴趣,没有必要逼他学
分析:【原因状语从句】

A.. Now that B. In case C. Even if D. As if
既然 万一 即使 就好像

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20. _____ that they are inexperienced , they have done a good job.
翻译:考虑到他们缺乏经验,他们的工作已经做得不错了
分析:【条件状语从句】 given(that)放句首 (考虑到)
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. If given



/*真题*/
1. You can’t go anywhere until you _____ homework
翻译:你不能去任何地方,直到你完成了作业
解析:
until 引导时间状语从句
所有时间状语从句后面,都是用现在时替换了将来时 所以C 不对
A. you’d finished B.. you finish
B. you’ll finish D. you’ve finished

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2. No matter how frequently _______ , the works of Beethoven always attract large audience.
翻译:你不能去任何地方,直到你完成了作业
解析:
A. performing B.. performed (done 过去分词 表被动)
C. to be performed D. being performing

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3. ____ you’re looking for your first job or planning to switch to a new career ,
searching for a job can be a big challenge.
翻译:无论你是在找第一份工作还是打算转行,找工作都是一个巨大的挑战
解析:固定搭配: whether... or... 无论 ... 或...
A. Whether B. Which C. Both D. Neither

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4. A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain _____.
翻译:一个六年没有水的沙漠地区,在下雨的时候仍然会开花
解析:when 是时间状语的引导词,
当有 引导词 引导 时间状语的时候,用现在时态替换将来时态
A.. comes B. will come C. has come D. would come

第七章-非谓语动词

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不务正业的非谓语动词:1.不定式 to do
2. 动名词 doing
3. 分词:doing | done
【词性变化】

1.分词

1.1 动词—>形容词(作定语)

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现在分词 doing  【用于主动未完成】	loveing		seeing
过去分词 done 【用于被动已完成】 loned seen

'功能:动词————形容词'

/*练习*/
污染的空气(pollute)
polluted air

盛开的花朵(blossom)
blossoming flower

下落的叶子(fall)
falling leaves

狂吠的小狗(bark)
barking dog

一些诗人称蝴蝶为飞舞的花朵
some poets call butterflies flying flowers

1. 分词位置:被修饰名词的前或后

>单个词 前置
polluted are

>多个词 后置
a cellphone made in China

例:
This is the girl singing a song
——————————————
这是一个歌唱的女孩

The girl sitting in the classroom is Mary.
————————————————————————
坐在教室的女孩是玛瑞

This is the television chat shows hosted by robots.
——————————————————
这是由机器人主持的电视访谈节目


/*题目*/
The government plans to bring in new laws ______ parents to
take more responsibilities for the education of their children.
政府计划引入新的法律,迫使父母对孩子的教育承担更多的责任
A. force B. forced C.. forcing D.having forced


Houseplants requiring constant attention are not suitable for
————————————————————————————
working couples with little spare time.
需要经常照料的室内植物不适合没有空闲时间的上班族夫妇


住在隔壁的女人是一个舞蹈家
the woman living next door is a dancer

环境污染是人类造成的最严重的问题
the environment pollute is the most serious question caused by human beings
———————————————————————

2.分词作定语
a) 作定语分词形式为:
doing ; done ; being + done
being + done 表示被动关系且正在进行 意思:“正在被”

例:
the subject being learned is english
正在学习的科目是英语

The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的房子是给老师们住的

The broken glass is Tom’s
这破玻璃杯是汤姆的

Have you read the novel _____ by Dickens?
你有读过荻金斯写过的那本小说吗?
writeen

Listen! The song _____ is very popular with the students.
听!现在唱的这首歌在学生中很流行
being sung

/*小结*/

| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |

doing: 用于主动未完成
done : 用于被动已完成
作用:动词————形容词(作定语)
位置:单个词前置
多个词后置(being done "天生后置" 意思:正在被 )


/*练习*/

1. The ______ price will save you one dollar for each dozen.
翻译:每一打为你减少价格一美元
解析:价格是被减少,价格不会主动减少
A. reduce B. reducing C.. reduced D. reduce

2. Here are some new computer programs _____ for home buildings.
翻译:这里有一些为家庭建筑设计的新的计算机程序
解析:程序是被设计
A. designing B. design C.. designed D. to design


3. People _____ in the city do not know pleasure of country life.
翻译:住在城市里的人不知道乡村生活的乐趣
解析:人们主动住在城市
A. live B. is living C. lived D.. living

4. The library’s study room is full of students ____ for the exam.
翻译:图书馆的自习室里坐满了忙于准备考试的学生
解析:学生主动准备备考
B和D 区别在于 be动词,有be 动词 是可以做谓语的
已经有 谓语 “is full” 所以选B
A. busily prepared B.busy preparing
C. busil perpare D. are busily preparing

5. Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
翻译:大多数被邀请参加聚会的人是著名的科学家
解析:人被邀请, were 过去式 已经发生过的事情
A.. invited B. to invited C. being invited D. inviting

6. There was terrible noise _____ the sudden burst of light.
翻译:可怕的声音跟在闪电之后
解析:声音是主动跟着闪电 ,被动 加 by noise followed by the sudden
A. followed B.. following C. to be followed D. being followed

7. Don’t use words , expressions ,
or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
翻译:不要使用只有有特定知识的人才知道的词语、表达或短语
解析:知识被人知道
A. being known B. to be known C.. known D. having been known


1.2 分词—>状语

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 			8. _______ more attention , the trees could have grown better.
翻译:如果多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好
解析:树被给更多的照顾
A.. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given


| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |

doing: 用于主动未完成
done : 用于被动已完成
作用: 1.动词————形容词(作定语)
2.分词————状语
位置:单个词前置
多个词后置(being done "天生后置" 意思:正在被 )

/*

分词作状语:
1. 主、从句,主语一致。
2. 去年从句主语,动词弱化成分词(doing/done)。

分词作状语时,可以表时间, 原因 ,结果 ,条件 , 让步 , 行为方式 ,伴随状况等。

*/


1.【分词作状语 】

回顾:状语从句
1.Although he failed many times , he never gave up his faith
翻译:虽然他失败了很多次,但他从未放弃他的信念

转换为: 从句主语 he 与 主句主语 he 一致 , failed 谓语弱化为分词, 他是主动失败,doing
Failing many times, he never gave up his faith

2.When she sits in the cafe , sunshine falls on her shoulders.
翻译:当她坐在咖啡馆时,阳光洒在她的肩膀上

转换不了:从句主语 she 与 主句主语 sunshine 不同


3.If you play all the day , you will lose your time.
翻译:如果你整天玩,你会浪费时间的

转换为:从句主语 you 与 主句主语 you 一致 , play 谓语弱化为分词, 你是主动玩,doing
playing all the day , you will lose your time.

4.Because the young lady was given advice by the teacher ,
the young lady was no longer afraid.
翻译:因为老师给了她忠告,这位年轻女士不再害怕了

转换为:从句主语 the young lady 与 主句主语 the young lady 一致 ,
given 谓语弱化为分词, 她是被动给忠告,done
Given given advice by the teacher ,
the young lady was no longer afraid.

b).''表示时间状语

例:
When they heard the news , they got excite
翻译:当他们听到这个消息时,他们变得兴奋起来
转换为:从句主语 they 与 主句主语 they 一致 , heard 谓语弱化为分词,
他们是主动听到消息,doing
Hearing the news , they got excited.
When heated by the sun , they got excite (连词“when”一般不保留)

c).''表示原因状语
例:
Because I live far from the school , I have to get up early every morning.
转换为:从句主语 I 与 主句主语 I 一致 ,
live 谓语弱化为分词,我主动住学校,doing
Living far from the school , I have to get up early every morning.
翻译:由于往得离学校远,我不得不每天早起


Because the kids have finish their homework , the kids wanted to hang out.
转换为:从句主语 kids 与 主句主语 kids 一致 ,
have 谓语弱化为分词,作业正在,doing
Having finished their homework , the kids wanted to hang out.
翻译:已经做完了作业,孩子们想出去玩。

d).''表示条件状语
例:
if you keep on learning English , you will eventually make propress.
转换为:从句主语 you 与 主句主语 you 一致 ,
keep 谓语弱化为分词,你主动坚持,doing
Keeping on learning English , you will eventually make progress.
翻译: 如果坚持学习英语,你最终会取得进步

If we are united , we stand ; divided , we fall
转换为:从句主语 we 与 主句主语 we 一致 ,
united 谓语弱化为分词,我们是被动团结,done
United , we stand ; divided , we fall
翻译: 如果坚持学习英语,你最终会取得进步

e).''表示结果状语
例:
The cup dropped to the ground , so the cup breaks into pieces.
转换为:从句主语 The cup 与 主句主语 The cup 一致 ,
breaks 谓语弱化为分词,杯子主动摔,doing
The cup dropped to the ground , breaking into pieces.
翻译:杯子掉到地上,摔成了碎片。

It rained heavily , so it caused serious flooding in that area.
转换为:从句主语 It 与 主句主语 It 一致 ,
caused 谓语弱化为分词,水灾是主动造成,doing
It rained heavily , causing serious flooding in that area.
翻译:雨下得很大,在那个地区造成了严重的水灾。

f).''表示让步状语
例:
Though Charlie understood no Itlian, Charlie was able to communicate with them.
转换为:从句主语 Charlie 与 主句主语 Charlie 一致 ,
understood 谓语弱化为分词,查理不懂,doing
Though understanding no Italian , Charlie was able to communicate with them.
翻译:虽然查理不懂意大利语,但她能和他们交流。


Having been told many times , he still repeated the same mistake.
翻译:虽已被告知多次,他仍然重复着同样的错误。

g).''表示伴随状语
例:
The old man was fast asleep , (holding a book in his hand).
老人手里拿着一本书,睡得很熟

The teacher came into the lab , (followed by some students).
老师走进实验室,后面跟着一些学生。

/*练习*/
1. jumping out of a boat,______________.
翻译:这个人从船上跳下来,被鲨鱼咬了
解析: 前句是一个从句,后面肯定要是一个 主句(有主有谓)
C、D 中, bitten 是一个分词 ,不是谓语,需要加一个be 动词
A. the shark bites the man . B. the shark bit the man.
C.. the man was bitten by a shark D . tha man bitten by a shark.


2. Before singing the school song,_________.
翻译:在唱校歌之前,他们先背诵了一首诗
解析:recited 是过去式 , reciting 分词 需要加一个be 动词
A. a poem was recited . B. recited a poem
C.. they recited a poem D. they reciting a poem

3. _______ neglecting our education , my father sent my brother and
me to a summer school.
翻译:由于父亲被指责忽视教育,父亲把我和弟弟送进了暑期学校
解析:被动
A.. Accused of B. That he was accused of
C. Accusing of D. To be accused of


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


| | 主动 | 被动 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
| 完成 | having done | having been done |


作用: 1.动词————形容词(作定语)
2.分词————状语
位置:单个词前置
多个词后置(being done "天生后置" 意思:正在被 )

Hearing the joke , we all burst out laughing
Having heard the joke , we all burst our laughing
听了这个笑话,我们都大笑起来

例:
原: Although he failed two times , he was finally admitted by Peking University.
一般: Failing two times , he was finally admitted by Peking University.
完成: Having failed two times , he was finally admitted by Peking University
翻译: 尽管他失败了两次,他最终还是被北京大学录取了


原: Although he was told many times , he still repeated the same mistake.
一般: told many times , he still repeated the same mistake.
完成: Having been told many times , he still repeated the same mistake.
翻译: 虽然被告诉了很多次,他还是重复同样的错误


/* 练习 */
1. ________ that everything was in place , he locked up the shop and went home .
翻译:检查一切就绪后,他锁好商店的门,回家去了
解析:检查是主动, A、B , 检查完,B
A. Checking B.. Having checked C. Having been checked

2. the explorer , ____ in the tropical forest , would find his way through it.
翻译:这位探险家被遗弃在热带森林里,他将找到穿越森林的路
解析:完成、被动
A. to be deserted B. having deserted
C. to have been deserted D.. having been deserted

3. ________ the letter , he went out to post it.
翻译:信写好后,他出去寄信
解析:完成、主动
A. Writing B. Being written C.. Having written D. Written

4. ________ some officials , Napoleon inspcted his army.
翻译:在一些官员的陪同下,拿破仑检阅了他的军队
解析:被跟着,需要 by ,正在被跟着
A. Followed B.. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed by

5. _______ such heavy pollution already , in may now be too late clean up the river.
翻译:这条河已经遭受了如此严重的污染,现在要清理已经太晚了
解析:完成
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. suffered

6. Mr.Thomas found the coins while _____ in his back garden.
翻译:托马斯先生在他的后花园挖掘时发现了这些硬币
解析:主动
A.. digging B. was digging C. dug D. being digging

/*改错练习*/
Beaten by his father , tears fall from the boy’s eyes.
“Beaten”分词作状语,说明 从句 和 主语的主语相同 “tears” 眼泪,
从句中,眼泪被他爸爸打了? 错误的 应该是他被他爸爸打
改正: Beaten by his father , the boy starts crying.

/*阅读练习:*/
The best lawyers made skycrapers-full of money ,
tempting ever more students to pile into law school.
———————— 分词作状语
翻译:最好的律师赚了一大笔钱,吸引越来越多的学生涌入法学院


In recent years , railroads have been combining with each other,
merging into super systems , causing heighten concerns about monopoly.
———————
翻译:近年来,铁路公司相互合并,合并成超级系统,引发了对垄断的担忧


待在温暖与舒适的温室里,一朵花正在开放。
Staying in the warm and comfortable greenhouse , a flower is blossoming.

但是,不它被挪到暴风骤雨中,它马上就蔫掉了。
原: when the flower is exposed to the rain and storm , it withers immediately
分词:exposed to the rain and storm , it withers immediately


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| | 主动 | 被动 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
| 完成 | having done | having been done |

结构: 不同主语,(连接词)+ 名词 + 分词
作用:状语从句省略(不同主语情况)

称为“独立主格结构”

气温下降太快,我们不能再穿裙子了。
原:Because temperature falls rapidly , we can no longer wear dress.
分词:temperature falling rapidly , we can no longer wear dress.


例:
1. 车呼啸而过,烟雾从排气管跑了出来
A car roared past ; smoke pours from the exhaust.
原: when a car roared past , smoke pours from the exhaust
分词: A car roaring past , smoke pours from the exhaust

2. 阳光在天上闪耀,海鸥在空中翱翔,
微风在一旁轻语,我躲在沙滩上.
Sum sines in the sky , seagulls fly high
wind murmurs , I lie on the beach

分词: Sun shining in the sky , seagulls flying high,
wind murmuring , I lie on the beach

/*练习*/
1. The murderer was brought in , with his hands ______ behind his back.
翻译:凶手被带了进来,双手反绑在背后
解析: 前句是主句,后句是从句 ,缺分词,而不是谓语
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D.. tied

2. The students ______ all the exercises , the teacher went on to explain the text.
翻译: 学生做完所有的练习后,老师继续解释课文
解析: 名词 + 分词 不作谓语,主动做作业
A. doing B. done C.. haveing done D. to have done

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

逻辑主语(名词)+ to do (主动)
逻辑主语(名词)+ to be done (被动)
由to do 构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或者状态,在句中作原因状语,偶尔作条件状语。

例:
No one to wake me up , I might be late for the first class.
没人叫醒我,我第一节课可能会迟到

problems ______ (solve) , my father faels anxious
有问题要解决,我父亲很焦虑 to be solved

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

with 复合结构
with + 独立主格

1. with + 名词 + to do
例: With so much work to do , I cannot spare a minute.
有这么多工作要做,我一分钟都抽不出来

2. with + 名词 + doing
例: With so many children talking and laughing ,
I couldn’t settle down to my work.
这么多孩子有说有笑,我无法静下心来工作

3. with + 名词 + dong
例:The murder was brought in , with his hands tied.
凶手被带了进来,双手反绑在背后




/*小结*/
现在分词 过去分词
| | 主动 | 被动 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
| 完成 | having done | having been done |

1.定语(动———形容词) 2.状语
doing 主动,未完成 同主语:直接改成分词
dong 被动,已完成 不同主语:独立主格

(名词 + 分词/不定式)
逻辑主语(名词)+ to do (主动)
逻辑主语(名词)+ to be done (被动)

(with + 名词 + 分词/不定式)
with + 名词 + to do
with + 名词 + doing
with + 名词 + dong


独立成分作状语
有些 to do/doing 的固定结构,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响
Generally speaking... 一般说来
Frankly speaking... 坦白地说
To be frank ... 坦白地说
Judging from ... 根据...来判断
To tell you the truth... 说实话
To be honest... 说实话

例:
Frankly speaking/ To be frank , the book is worth reading.
坦白地说,这本书值得一读

Judging from the weather , the sports meeting will be put off
根据天气判断,运动会将会推迟

To tell you the truth/To be honest , I have passed the CET4
说实话,我已经通过了大学英文四组考试

作业

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        14. Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
翻译:大多数被邀请参加聚会的人是著名的科学家
解析:人被邀请, were 过去式 已经发生过的事情
A.. invited B. to invited C. being invited D. inviting

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15. The chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _____ in Beijing in 2008.
翻译:中国人为2008年在北京举行的第29届奥运会感到自豪
解析:奥运会被举办
A. hold B. holding C.. held D. to be holding

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16. _______ the letter , he went out to post it.
翻译:信写好后,他出去寄信
解析:完成、主动
A. writing B. Being writeen C.. Having written D. Written

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17. Mr.Thomas found the coins while ______ in his back garden.
翻译:托马斯先生在他的后花园挖掘时发现了这些硬币
解析:主动
A.. digging B. was digging C. dug D. have dug

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18. _____ of stealing money from the bank , he was questioned by the police.
翻译:他因被指控从银行偷钱而受到警察的盘问
解析:被指控
A. Accusing B.. Accused C. Having accused D. to accuse

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19. _____ this cake , you’ll need 2 eggs , 175g sugar and 175g flour.
翻译:为了做蛋糕,你需要两个鸡蛋,175克糖和175克面粉
解析:to do 不定式,表目地 ,可以放开头 C 比 D 更合适
A. Having made B. Make C.. To mkae D. Making

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20. ______ the news ,everyone was _______..
翻译:听新闻,每个人感到很失望
解析:听是主动去听,感到失望 是被动, 听了后感到
A. Hearing ; disappointing B. Heard ; disappointed
C.. Hearing ; disappointed D. Heard ; disappointing

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/*增补题*/

1. _____ a post office , I stopped ______ some stamps.
翻译:经过一个邮局时,我停下来买了一些邮票
解析:经过是正在进行,主动去买
A. Passed , buying B.. Passing , to buy
C. Having passed , buy D. Pass , to buy

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. ______ with the size of the whole earth , the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
翻译:和整个地球相比,再高的山也显得不高了
解析:高的山被与地球比较
A. Comparing B. To compare C.. Compared D. Having Compared

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. With the money _______, he couldn’t buy any ticket.
翻译:钱丢了,他不能买任何票
解析:钱被丢失了
A. to lose B. losing C.. lost D. has lost

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. With winter _____ on , it’s time to buy warm clothes.
翻译:冬天来了,该买暖和的衣服了
解析:冬天主动来
A. came B. comes C. come D.. coming

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. He went from door to door , _______ waste papers and magazines.
翻译:他挨家挨户地收集废纸和杂志
解析:主动去收集
A.. gthering B. gathered C. gather D. being gathered

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Many things _____ impossible in the past are very common today.
翻译:许多在过去被认为是不可能的事情,在今天却很普遍
解析:过去的事情,被认为
A. consider B. considering C.. considered D. be considered

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7. ____ the composition , John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room.
翻译:约翰写完作文,把它交给老师,然后走出了房间
解析:主动交作业
A. Writing B.. Having written C. written D. Being written

2.不定式

作主语

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to do       主动
to be done 被动

1.【作主语】
例:
To go to a key university is my dream
—————————————————————————
去重点大学,是我的梦想

To master a language is not an easy thing
————————————————————
掌握一门语言是不容易的事情

To see is to believe
——————
眼见为实

To live in the city is very expensive
———————————————————
住在这个城市花费很大

To look after the safety of the community is his responsibility
—————————————————————————————————————————
照顾社区的安全是他的责任

To express our opinions is important for us.
———————————————————————
表达我们的观点对我们来说很重要


' “it” 形式主语原则 ' 形式主语
例:
To live in the city is very expensive
-> It is very expensive to live in the city
住在这个城市花费很大

To look after the safety of the community is his responsibility
-> It is his responsibility to look after the safety of the community
照顾社区的安全是他的责任


作宾语

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	 2.【作宾语】
例:
We agreed to meet here , but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
————————————
我们说好在这儿见面的,但到现在为止她还没有出现

I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean is five days.
我几乎不能想象皮特将会在5天之后横渡大西洋。


a). 只能用不定式作宾语 /*重点*/
有些动词和词组只能有 to do 作宾语
decide(决定做..) 、 fail(没能做..) 、 determine(下决心) 、 learn(学习) 、 want(想要) 、
expect(期待、期盼) 、 hope(希望) 、 wish(希望) 、 refuse(拒绝) 、 manage(设法做..)
pretend(假装) 、 agree(同意) 、 strive(努力) 、 would like (想要做..)
would love(爱做..) 、 would prefer(宁愿)

例:
She pretended not to see me when I passed by
我走过的时候,她假装没看见

He decided to work harder his year.
他决定今年要更加努力地工作

b). 只能用动名词作宾语 /*重点*/
有些动词只能用 doing 作宾语,
consider(考虑做...) 、 suggest(建议) 、advise(建议) 、postpone(推迟) 、look forward to(期待)
admit(承认)、delay(延迟)、 forbid(禁止)、 prohibit(禁止)、 avoid(回避)、miss(错过)
keep(保持)、 practise(练习)、 deny(拒绝)、finish(完成) 、 enjoy (享受)、appreciate(欣赏)
can’t help(情不自禁)、 can’t imagine(无法想象)、 mind(介意)、 allow(许可)、 permit(允许)
escape(逃脱)、discuss(讨论)、 rick(冒着...风险)、 prevent(预防)


只能动名词的词组:
be used to(习惯做..) 、lead to(导致) 、 devote to(奉献) 、stick to(坚持)
object to(拒绝) 、 get down to(着手做...)、pay attention to(关注) 、can’t stand(无法忍受)
give up(放弃) 、 feel like (想要)、insist on(坚持) 、 put off(推迟) 、
thank you for(谢谢你做...) 、apologize for(为...道歉) 、 be busy(in)(忙于..)
have difficulty / trouble(in)(做...有困难)
have a good / wonderful / hard time(in)(做...很精彩)


例:
The squirrels were lucky if they just missed being caught
如果松鼠能侥幸逃脱追捕,那就太幸运了

I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon
我欣赏您今天下午能回电话

She apologized for being late for class
她为上课迟到而道歉


/*注意:*/ 非考点 (his/her/their
doing 作主语/宾语时,使用形容词性物主代词("某人的")+ dong ,
表示doing 动作的逻辑主语(动作的发出者)
例:
Her being late for the meeting made the boss angry.
她开会迟到使老板很生气

I would appreciate your keeping it a secret.
如果你能保守秘密,我会很感激的
解析: 为什么用 your 而不用 you , keeping doing形式 是一个动名词,归根是一个名词
比如 apple 苹果 是一个名词, you apple 还是 your apple ,显然是后者,需要 形容词性物主代词


doing 动名词 : 作主语 作宾语



to do 前面可带特殊疑问,即疑问词 + to do ,
what(什么) / who(谁) / when(什么时候) / where(在哪里) / how(如何/怎么) / whether(是否) + to do ,
why(为什么)+ do

She doesnt explain how to do the work
她没有说明如何做这项工作

I dont know why leave now
我不知道为什么现在离开


c). 既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语但意义上有区别 /*重点*/

' > forget to do sth 忘了去做(没)
' > forget doing sth 忘了做过(做过)

例:
The light in the office is off . It was she who turned it off ,
but she herself forgot ______ it off
翻译:办公室的灯关了。 是她关的,但她自己忘了关了
答案: turning

The light in the office is still on .She ____ turn if off.
翻译:办公室的灯还在亮着,她忘记关灯了
答案: forgot to

' > remember to do sth. 记得去做(没)
' > remember doing sth. 记得做过(做过)

例:
Do you remember _____ (meet) me at a party last year ?
翻译:你记得去年在一个聚会上见过我吗?
答案: meeting

You must remember ______ (mail) the letter this afternoon.
翻译:你一定要记住今天下午把信寄出去
答案: to mail

' > stop to do sth 停下来,去做另一件事
' > stop doing sth 停止正在做的事


' > go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事
' > go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事


' > try to do sth 努力做某事
' > try doing sth 尝试着做某事

例:
I try to pass the exam
翻译:努力去通过考试

' > mean to do sth. 打算做某事
' > mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

例:
I mean to leave WuHan
翻译:我打算离开武汉

' > can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
' > can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事


例:
She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.
她到了山顶,停在路边的一块大石头上休息

I remembered locking the door before I left the office , but forgot to turn off the lights.
我记得离开办公室前锁了门,但忘了关灯

Don’t forget to turn off the lights before you leave.
离开前别忘了关灯

I forget seeing / having seen him at the park last week.
我忘记上周在公园见过他

Please remember to return this book in three days.
请记住三天后还这本书

I remember spending / having spent the summer vacation with them three years ago
我记得三年前和他们一起过暑假


d). 动词 like , love , prefer 后接 to do 或 doing 作宾语均可 ,意思相同 非考点
如 表示具体(某次)的行为常用 to do , 如表示经常性的行为可用 doing

例:
I like swimming , but I don’t like to swim this this afternoon.
我喜欢游泳,但今天下午我不想去游泳

I would like to go swimming this weekend.
这个周末我想去游泳


e). 形容词 worth , worthy 的用法结构。
be + worth + sth. 价值...;值得...
be + worth + doing sth. 值得(被)...
be + worth + of + sth / doing sth . 值得...


例:
The book is worth reading
这本书值得被读

The museum is worth a visit
这家博物馆值得游览

The museum is worthy of a visit.
这家博物馆值得游览

The museum is worthy of visiting.
这家博物馆值得游览

作宾补

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  	 3.【作宾补】
感官动词
see(看) , watch(看) , observe(观察) , look at(看) ,
hear(听) , listen to(听) , notice (注意)
等和使役动词 have 后面的宾补有三种形式,
即动词原型(不带to的不定式)、现在分词(doing) 和 过去分词(done)
动词原型 表 主动 或 完成 see/watch... sb do sth
现在分词 表 主动 或 正在进行 see/watch... sb doing sth
过去分词 表 被动 或 完成 see/watch... sb done sth

不带to的不定式 ? 什么意思
解析:
see sb do sth 看见某人做某事
see 是动词 do 也是动词 ? 有两个动词 不对
原句是 see sb to do sth “to” 被省略掉了,而且一定要省略掉

例:
I heard her ______ an English song just now
翻译:刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
答案:sing

I heard her ______ an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
翻译:昨天我经过她的房间时,我听见她唱了一首英语歌
答案:singing

I heard the English song ______ many times .
翻译:我听到这首英文歌被唱了很多次
答案:sung


注意:
'get sb to do sth 使/让/叫某人去做某事
例:
I can’t get him to stop smoking because he doesn’t listen to me
翻译:我没法让他戒烟,因为他不听我的

'get sth done 使/让某事/物被做
例:
Can you get the car started ?
翻译:你能把车发动起来吗

' keep sb/sth doing 使/让某人/事/物持续做
例:
Don’t keep your kid studying all day long without any rest.
不要让你的孩子整天学习而不休息

' keep sb/sth dong 使/让某人/事/物被做
例:
He kept his books piled neatly on the shelf.
他把书整齐地堆在书架上


leave用法
表达的确切之意应是 “使...处 于某种状态”
leave sb doing sth . 让某人一直做某事 /* 重点 */
leave sth undone 留下某事未做
leave sb to do sth 留下某人做某事
leave sth to be done 留下某事要被做(不定式表示将来的动作)

例:
It’s wrong of you to leave the machine ______.
翻译:你让机器继续运转是不对的
答案:running 运转

The guests left most of the dishes _______ because they didn’t taste delicious
翻译:客人们没有动大部分菜,因为它们尝起来不好吃
答案:untouched 未触动过的

He went out , leaving me ______ all the rest work.
翻译: 他出去了,剩下的工作都留给我来做
答案: to do

We hurriedly ended our meeting , leaving many problems _______(settle)
翻译: 我们匆忙结束了会议,留下许多问题有待解决
答案: to be settled



'advise(建议)'、allow(许可) 、 'ask(要求)' 、beg(恳求)
encourage(鼓励) 、 'expect(期待)' 、 force(强迫) 、 get(使)
intend(打算) 、 forbid(禁止) 、 permit(许可) 、 invite(邀请)
like(喜欢) 、 love(爱) 、 'order(命令)''persuade(劝说) '
prefer(喜欢) 、 require(要求) 、 teach(简单) 、 'tell(告诉)'
want(想要) 、 wish(希望) 、 think(认为) 、 wait for(等待) 、
call on(呼吁) 、'depend on(依赖于)'、cause(引起)

等动词后只接 to do 作宾语补足语

【 abvise/ask... sb to do

例:
They have invited me to go to Paris with them.
他们邀请我和他们一起去巴黎

They teacher asked us not to make so much noise.
老师叫我们不要制造这么大的噪音

We expect our goal to be achieved next year.
我们希望明年能实现我们的目标

作定语

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定语: 修饰名词成分

例:
I have come clothes to wash.
————————
我来洗衣服了

Before the nightfall , we have a long journey to make.
——————————
在夜幕降临之前,我们还有很长的旅程去完成

The need to love and to be loved is universal.
爱与被爱的需求是普遍存在的

We get the instruction to protect her.
我们得到了保护她的指令

/*练习*/
我需要一支写字的笔/写字的纸
I need a pen to write with

我需要一件穿的衣服
I need a clothes to wear


'不定式(to do)作定语和分词作定语(doing done...)的区别:
>不定式: 一个未来的动作
>过去分词: 之前已经发生
>现在分词: 正在发生

The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.
明天会上要讨论的问题是一个非常重要的问题

Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
你读过狄更斯写的那本小说吗

/* 真题 */
The lab ______ next year will be more advanced than the old one.
翻译:明年建造的实验室将比旧的实验室更先进
解析:to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生
主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A.. to be built B. built C. being built D. to build
将要被建 被建 正在被建 将要建

Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
翻译:大多数被邀请参加聚会的人是著名的科学家
解析:to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生
主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A.. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. invithing

The Olympic Games , ______ in 776 B.C , did not include women players until 1912
翻译:公元前776年首次举行的奥运会,直到1912年才有女子运动员参加
解析:to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生
主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A. first playing B. to be first played C.. first played D. to be fiest playing


If the project ____ by the end of this month is delayed , the construction company will be fined.
翻译:如果这个月底完工的工程延期的话,建筑公司将会被罚款
解析:to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生
主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A.. to be completed B. is completed C. completed D. being completed

作状语

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作状语:动词不定式表结果,目的等  (为了...)

例:
He woke up only just to find everybody gone .
他醒来发现大家都走了。(表示结果)

They went there to visit their teacher.
他们去那里拜访老师。(表目的)


/*注意:*/ (为了...)
强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用 in order to 或 so as to , so as to 不用于句首
例:
原:I get up early to learn English
我起得很早,为了学英文
改:I get up early in order to learn English
改:I get up early so as to learn English


He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
为了赶上头班车,他起得很早

The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来让乘客上车


/*练习*/
We should do as much as we can ______ our country better and more beautiful
翻译:我们应该尽我们所能为了我们的国家更好,更美丽

A. make B.. to make C. makes D. making

3.动名词

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   动名词: doing (主动)| being done (被动)
作用: 作主语、作宾语

例:
Teaching English is my job.
教英语是我的工作

I like playing basketball
我喜欢打篮球

当句子中有动词谓语,又需要用到另一个动词,将这个动词变成 动名词

/*
动词原型是不能作主语的,动词作主语时,
doing 如果侧生于表示经常性,
to do 侧重于表示将来特定的某一次

Playing basketball is my favorite sport.
To go to a prestigious college is his dream.
Seeing is believing / To see is to believe
*/


'动名词作真正主语的常见句型:'

1.It is no(not/of little) use/good + doing sth.
做某事没有 好处/用

2.It is/was useless + doing sth.
做某事没有 好处/用

例:
It is no use crying over spilt milk
打翻的牛奶哭也没用(覆水难收)

It is no good spoiling children
溺爱孩子是没有好处的

It is of little good staying up too late every day
每天熬夜太晚没有什么好处

作业

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1. It is no use _______ your past mistakes.
翻译:后悔你过去的错误是没有用的
解析:【3.动名词】 It is no(not/of little) use/good + doing sth 做某事没有 好处/用
A.. regretting B. regret C. to regret D. regretted

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2. It is time of her ______ and support herself both in life and work.
翻译:她该长大了,该在生活和工作上养活自己了
解析:固定搭配:It is time for sb . to do 是时候去做某事
A. grows up B. grew up C.. to grow up D. growing up

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3. You were brave enough to share your ideas at the meeting.
well ,no I regret ______ that
翻译:
解析: regret 后悔 固定搭配: regret + doing + sth 后悔作某事
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D.. having done

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4. I can’t imagine _____ that with them.
翻译:
解析:【2.不定式 作宾语】 有些动词只能用 doing 作宾语 can’t imagine(无法想象)
A. do B. to do C. being done D.. doing

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5. Because of my laziness , I failed ______ my work in time.
翻译:由于我的懒惰,我没能及时完成工作
解析:【2.不定式 作宾语】 有些动词和词组只能有 to do 作宾语 fail(没能做..)
A. being finished B.. to finish C. finishing D. to finishing

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6. I had no difficulty _____ myself in English.
翻译:我用英语表达自己的意思没有困难
解析:【2.不定式 作宾语】 有些动词只能用 doing 作宾语,have difficulty(有困难)
A.. expressing B. to express C. expressed D. express

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7. According to a recent U.S survey , children spend up to 25 hours a week _____ TV.
翻译:根据美国最近的一项调查,儿童每周花在看电视上的时间多达25小时
解析: 固定搭配: spend sth doing sth
A. to watch B.. watching C. to watching D. watch

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8. I was _____ to find his article on such an _______ topic so _______.
翻译:我惊讶地发现他关于这样一个激动人心的话题的文章如此无聊
解析: 分词 一般修饰人 用“ad” 修饰物 用“ing”
A.. surprised ; exciting ; boring B. surprsing ; exciting boring
C. surprised ; excited ; boring D. surprsing ; excited bored

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9. I’ve heard him _____ about you several times.
翻译:我听他说起过你好几次
解析: 【2.不定式 作宾】
感官动词 hear(听)
即动词原型(不带to的不定式)、现在分词(doing) 和 过去分词(done)
动词原型 表 主动 或 完成 see/watch... sb do sth
现在分词 表 主动 或 正在进行 see/watch... sb doing sth
过去分词 表 被动 或 完成 see/watch... sb done sth
A. spoke B. spokes C.. speak D. being spoken

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11. I’m going to have my radio ________.
翻译:我要找人修理我的收音机
解析:固定搭配: have sth done 让某事完成
A.. fixed B. to fix C. fix D. fixing

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11. Don’t leave the water ________ when you brush your teeth.
翻译:刷牙的时候不要让水开着
解析:固定搭配:leave sth doing 使某处于状语
A. run B.. running C. being run D. to run

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12.Though he had often made his little sister ______ , today he was made ____ by his little sister
翻译:
解析:固定搭配: make sb do sth 使某人做某事 | be made to do sth 被弄(安排)去做
A.. cry ; to cry B. crying ; crying C. cry ; cry D. to cry ; cry

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13. The news reporters hurried to the airport , only ______ the film stars had left.
翻译:新闻记者急忙赶到机场,只知道电影明星已经离开了
解析: 固定搭配: 主动--only to do 被动--only to be done 结果...(意外)
A.. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

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14. Most of the people ______ to the party were famous scientists.
翻译:大多数被邀请参加聚会的人是著名的科学家
解析:to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生
主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A.. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting

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15. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _____ in Beijing in 2008.
翻译:中国人为2008年在北京举行的第29届奥运会感到自豪
解析:奥运会被举办
A. hold B. holding C.. held D. to be holding

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16. _______ the letter , he went out to post it.
翻译:信写好后,他出去寄信
解析:完成、主动
A. writing B. Being writeen C.. Having written D. Written

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17. Mr.Thomas found the coins while ______ in his back garden.
翻译:托马斯先生在他的后花园挖掘时发现了这些硬币
解析:主动
A.. digging B. was digging C. dug D. have dug

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18. _____ of stealing money from the bank , he was questioned by the police.
翻译:他因被指控从银行偷钱而受到警察的盘问
解析:被指控
A. Accusing B.. Accused C. Having accused D. to accuse

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19. _____ this cake , you’ll need 2 eggs , 175g sugar and 175g flour.
翻译:为了做蛋糕,你需要两个鸡蛋,175克糖和175克面粉
解析:to do 不定式,表目地 ,可以放开头 C 比 D 更合适
A. Having made B. Make C.. To mkae D. Making

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20. ______ the news ,everyone was _______..
翻译:听新闻,每个人感到很失望
解析:听是主动去听,感到失望 是被动, 听了后感到
A. Hearing ; disappointing B. Heard ; disappointed
C.. Hearing ; disappointed D. Heard ; disappointing

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21. Weather _____ , we’ll go out on a picnic tomorrow.
翻译:如果天气允许的话,我们明天就去野餐
解析: 主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A. permits B.. permitting C. permitted D. has permitted

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22. The students ______ all the exercises , the teacher went on to explain the text.
翻译: 学生做完所有的练习后,老师继续解释课文
解析: 名词 + 分词 不作谓语,主动做作业
A. doing B. done C.. having done D. to have done

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23. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time _____ the exam.
翻译:由于卧病在床近一个月,他很难通过考试
解析:固定搭配: have a hard time doing 做...事很难
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing

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24.I can’t stand _____ with Jane in the same office . She just refuses ______ talking
翻译:我不能忍受和简在同一个办公室工作。 她就是不肯停止说话
解析:【2.不定式 作宾语】 有些动词只能用 doing 作宾语,can’t stand(无法忍受) 固定搭配 stand doing 忍受
固定搭配:refuses to do 拒绝做某事
A. working ; stopping B. to work ; stopping C.. working ; to stop D. to work ; to stop

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25. _______ more attention , the trees could have grown better.
翻译:如果多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好
解析:树被给更多的照顾
A.. Given B. To give C. Giveing D. Having given

to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生

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26. The murderer was brought in , with his hands ______ behind his back.
翻译:
解析: 现在分词 过去分词
| | 主动 | 被动 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
| 完成 | having done | having been done |

1.定语(动———形容词) 2.状语
doing 主动,未完成 同主语:直接改成分词
dong 被动,已完成 不同主语:独立主格

(名词 + 分词/不定式) 将来
逻辑主语(名词)+ to do (主动)
逻辑主语(名词)+ to be done (被动)

A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D.. tied

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27. I would appreciate _______ bake this afternoon.
翻译:我欣赏您今天下午能回电话
解析:固定搭配:appreciate doing sth
A. you to call B. you call C.. your calling D. you’re calling

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28. Tom aplogized to me _______ again.
翻译:汤姆为又迟到向我道歉
解析: 固定搭配: apologize for doing 为做了某事而道歉
A. to be late B. of being late C. to have been late D.. for being late

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29. If the project _____ by the end of this month is delayed , the construction company will be fined.
翻译:如果这个月底完工的工程延期的话,建筑公司将会被罚款
解析:to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生
主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A.. to be completed B. is completed C. completed D. being completed

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30. Our MP3 wants _______. You’d better have it done as soon as possible
翻译:我们的MP3需要修理。 你最好尽快把它做完
解析:被动语态: want / require / need + doing 需要被... 主动表被动
A. repair B.. repairing C. to repair D. being repaired

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31. The machine doesn’t work . It need _______.
翻译:这部机器故障了。它需要被修理
解析:被动语态: want / require / need + doing 需要被... 主动表被动
A. to repair B.. repairing C. repaired D. being repaired

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32. _______ weight, Jane and Mary do exercises every evening.
翻译: 为了减肥,珍和玛丽每天晚上锻炼
解析: 主动减肥,现在还没减 to do 目的“为了...”
A. lost B. losing C. having lost D.. To lose

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33. The two students ______ to take part in the competition are my best friends in the class.
翻译:被选中参加比赛的两个学生是我在班上最好的朋友
解析:被选中
A. having chosen B. to choosing C.. chosen D. to chose

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34. The witness _____ by the police just now gave very different opinions.
翻译:刚才被警察询问的证人给出了非常不同的意见
解析:被询问 并给出了意见,说明询问完了
A.. questioned B. being questioned C. having questioned D. to be questioned

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35. The true meaning of love if worth ______ in the whole life.
翻译:爱的真谛如果值得用一生去探寻
解析: 固定搭配:be worth doing 值得被
A. to explore B.. exploring C. being explore D. having explored

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36. If you commit a crime , there is no way to escape ______.
翻译: 如果你犯罪,就无法逃脱惩罚
解析:【2.不定式 作宾语】 有些动词只能用 doing 作宾语, escape(逃脱) 被惩罚
A. to be punished B. having punished C.. being punished D. to punish

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37. The music is loud . I’d like to get the TV _____ off
翻译:音乐很吵。 我想把电视关掉
解析:固定搭配: get sth done 让某事被...
A.. turned B. turning C. to turn D. turns

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38. I know it’s not important , but I can’t help ______ about it.
翻译: 我知道这不重要,但我还是忍不住去想
解析: 【2.不定式 作宾语】
' > can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
' > can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事
A. think B. to think C. thought D.. thinking

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39. Do you remember ______ me at a party last year?
翻译:你记得去年在一个聚会上见过我吗
解析: 【2.不定式 作宾语】
' > remember to do sth. 记得去做(没)
' > remember doing sth. 记得做过(做过)
A. meet B. to meet C.. having met D. met

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40. It’s no good ______ here. Let’s go home.
翻译:在这儿等没有好处。我们回家吧
解析:【动名词】 1.It is no(not/of little)+ use/good + doing sth.
A. to wait B. waited C.. waiting D. being waited

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/*真题*/

1. The president promised to keep all the board members _____ of his final decision.
翻译:总统承诺将他的最终决定通知所有董事会成员
解析: 固定搭配: keep sb done 被... keep sb doing 不断地做
A. inform B.. informed C. informing D. being informed

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2.The lab _____ next year will be more advanced than the old one?
翻译:明年建造的实验室将比旧的实验室更先进
解析:to do 主语 | to be done 被动 将来发生未发生
主 被
| | 现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| | doing | done |
| 进行 | | being done |
A.. to be buit B. built C. being built D. to build

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3. The manager postponed _____ to our proposal.
翻译:经理推迟听取我们的建议
解析:【2.不定式 作宾语】 有些动词只能用 doing 作宾语 postpone(推迟)
A. to listen B.. listening C. listen D. listened

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4. Don’t you remember _____ to our president when you went to the university last year?
He shook hands with you.
翻译:难道你不记得去年你进这所大学时被介绍给我们的校长吗? 他和你握手
解析:【2.不定式 作宾语】
' > remember to do sth. 记得去做(没)
' > remember doing sth. 记得做过(做过)
A. to be introduced B.. being introduced C. introduced D. introducing

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5. As long as you keep on ______ you’ll get promoted sooner or later.
翻译:只要你继续工作,你迟早会被提升的
解析: 固定搭配: keep on doing 持续做... 介词后面一般默认跟doing
A. work B. be working C. worked D.. working

第八章-虚拟语气

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/*真理*/
4. It’s essential that every child _____ the same educational opportunities.
翻译:每个孩子都有同样的教育机会是很重要的
解析:
A. has B.. have C. having D.had


虚拟语气:表假设(说假话)
中文: 加字 (如果、假如、...就好了)
英文: 时态退步()

第一节

虚拟情况从句主句
现在did / werewould (意愿) / could (可以)/ should (应该) / might (可能) do
过去had donewould / could / should / might have done
将来were to do / should dowould / could / should / might do
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		'版本一
【过去】
如果我们早点遇见,我们就可以在一起了
If we had met earlier , we would have stayed together.

【现在】
如果你不是我的对手,我们就可以在一起了
If you were not my rival , we could stay together

【将来】
如果你可以不走,我们就可以在一起了。
If you were not to die , we would be together


/*练习*/
5. If I _____ you , I’d join the army.
翻译:如果我是你,我就参军
解析:现在时态 did / were
A. am B. was C.. were D. would be

7. If I ______ in the twenty fifth century , I _____ my vacation in a very different way
翻译:如果我生活在25世纪,我会以一种完全不同的方式来度过我的假期
解析:将来时态 were to do / should do
A.. should live ; would spend B. will live ; should spend
A. are living ; should have spent B. will be living ; would have spent
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'版本二
混合虚拟语气————错综时间条件句


【过去】 had done would / could / should / might have done
【现在】 did / were would (意愿) / could (可以)/ should (应该) / might (可能) do
【将来】 were to do / should do would / could / should / might do
例:
如果当时我们能不那么倔强,现在也不那么遗憾
If we had not been so stubborn , we would not feel regretful.

If you had followed my advice , you would be better now.
如果你听从了我的建议,你现在会过得更好。

If you had studied hard before , you would be a college student now.
如果你以前努力学习,你现在会是一个大学生。

/*练习*/

20. “ If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger ,” the musician says ,
“I ______ able to play to well now”.
翻译:如果我年轻的时候没有练习,”这位音乐家说 我现在就没有能力弹好了
解析:过去 + 现在
A.. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. wouldn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
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'版本三

【过去】 had done would / could / should / might have done
【现在】 did / were would (意愿) / could (可以)/ should (应该) / might (可能) do
【将来】 were to do / should do would / could / should / might do

储蓄虚拟
不是以if引导的条件从句形式出现,而是通过一些短语等形式暗示虚拟语气的存在,
常用的词语有 without(没有) , but for(要不是) , otherwise(否则) , or(否则) 等 , 此时我们可以从意思上
推断出虚拟语气的时间。


If there were no air , there would be no living things.
如果没有空气,就不会有生物

= Without air , there would be no living things.
没有空气,就没有生物


例:
She came to town yesterday , or I would not have met her.
她昨天来到小镇,否则我不会遇到她
= If she hadn’t come to town yesterday ,I would not have met her.
如果她昨天没来到小镇,我现在就遇不到她

If you had not helped me , I wouldn’t have finished the work in time.
如果没有你的帮助,我就不能及时完成这项工作
= But for your help , I wouldn’t have finished the work in time.
要不是你的帮助,我是不会及时完成工作的


If we had known his telephone number , we would have telephoned him.
假如我们知道他的电话号码,我们早就给他打电话了
= We didn’t know his telephone number , otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就打电话给他了



第二节

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He insisted that the meeing (should) be put off.

1.在表示 “建议,命令,要求,忠告” 等动词后面按宾语从句中的虚拟语气,
从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略
常见的动词:
advise(建议),suggest(建议),insist(坚持认为) ,
order(命令) ,require(要求) , recommend(建议) ,
command(命令),ask(要求), demand(要求),request(要求 ) 等。


例:
He insisted that the meeting(should)be put off.
他坚持要推迟会议

The general ordered(that)all the soldiers(should)leave
将军命令所有的士兵离开


2. 某些表示“建议,命令,要求,命令”等主观意向的名词做主语时,其后的表语从句或同位语从句用虚假语气,
从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略。

例:
My suggestion in that we (should)to the experiment again.
我的建议是我们应该再做一次实验

We all agree to that suggestion that the meeing(should)be put off
我们都同意推迟会议的建议

/*真题*/
3. I don’t think it advisable that Ted _____ to the job since he has little experience.
翻译:我认为指派特德做这项工作是不明智的,因为他没有什么经验
解析: advisable做主语时 从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略
A. assigned B.. be assigned C. was assigned D. will be assigned


3. “It is(was)+形容词(或过去分词)+ that...” 结构中的虚假语气,
从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略。
常见的形容词:
natural(自然) , appropriate(合适的) , advisable(明智的) , necessary(必要的) ,
important(重要的) , urgent(紧急的) , possible(可能的) , desirable(合意的) ,
strange(奇怪) , essential(必要的)

例:
It’s essential that we(should)learn some knowledge about first aid.
我们学习一些急救知识是必要的

It is demanded that we(should)work out a plan.
有人要求我们制定一个计划

/*真题*/
1. It is necessary taht all application forms ____ no latter than June.
翻译:所有的申请表必须不迟于六月寄来
解析: 从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略。
A. sent B. to send C.. be sent D. are sent
不定式

4. It’s essential that every child ____ the educational opportunities.
翻译:每个孩子都有同样的教育机会是很重要的
解析: 从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略。
A. has B.. have C. having D. had

第三节

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其他虚拟情况
/*真题*/
2. How I wish that I ________ English well when I was in college!
翻译:我多么希望我在大学时就把英语学好了
解析:与过去相反——> had done
A.. had learned B.learned C. would learn D. would have learned



1. wish(希望)后接宾语从句时的虚拟
a)''与现在相反——> did / were (一般过去时) 时态退步
I wish(that)I were a bird.
我希望是一只鸟就好了

b)''与过去相反——> had done (过去完成时)
I with(that)I had seen the film last night.
我确信我昨晚看过那部电影

c)''与将来相反——> would / could + do
I with(that) I woud / could go
我希望我将来能走


例:
1. I wish you _____ like that.
翻译:我希望你不要那样说话
解析
A. don’t talk B. won’t talk C.. wouldn’t talk D. not to talk


2. It is( about / hight )time + that + 从句 表示“该做...的时候了”
从句谓语动词用 “过去式” 或 “should + 动词原型” ,注意这个句型中的 should 不能省略
例:
It is high time that you went / should go to school
你该去上学了。

3. as if / though (好像)
if only(要是...就好了)的虚拟

与现在相反——> did / were (一般过去时)
与过去相反——> had done (过去完成时)
与将来相反——> would / could + do
例:
She speaks as if she were a man.
她说话的口气好像她是个男人

例:
She talked about Rome as if she ______ there before (visit)
翻译:她谈起罗马来就好像她以前去过似的
答案:had visited

If only my father ______ the boss of the supermarket (be)
翻译:要是我父亲是超市的老板就好了
答案:were

If only I ______ your advice.(follow)
翻译:要是我听了你的建议就好了
答案:had follow

4. would rather(宁愿)后接宾语从句时的虚假
a)''表示现在或将来的愿望时,用一般过去时 (did /were)
I would rather you _____ next week (come)
翻译:我宁愿你下星期来
答案:came

b)''表示与过去相反的愿望时,用过去完成时(had done)
I would rather you hadn’t let out the secret
翻译:我真希望你没有把这个秘密泄露出去。

作业

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	1. I wish you ______ like that.
翻译:我希望你不要那样说话
解析:【第三节】
a)与现在相反——> did / were (一般过去时)
b)与过去相反——> had done (过去完成时)
c)与将来相反——> would / could + do

A. don’t talk B. won’t talk C.. wouldn’t talk D. not to talk

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2. The suggestion that the mayor ______ the prizes was accepted by everyone.
翻译:由市长颁奖的建议被大家接受了
解析: 【第二节 2
suggest(建议) 从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略

A. would present B.. present C. presents D. ought to present

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3. Sorry , officer , I ______ at 80 miles but I didn’t see any sign in
the area telling people how fast they can drive.
翻译:对不起,警官,我不应该开80英里的车,但是我没有看到任何标志告诉人们他们可以开多快
解析:didn’t 过去式 情态动词 + have done

A. should not drive B. mustn’t drive C. can’t drive D.. shouldn’t have driven

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4. It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.
翻译:这台机器需要经常上油
解析:require(要求)从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略

A.. be oiled B. must be oiled C. is oiled D. will out

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5. If I ______ you , I’d join the army.
翻译:如果我是你,我就参军
解析:现在时态 did / were

A. am B. was C.. were D. would be

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6. If you had wanted to buy a record , what ______ ?
翻译:如果你想买一张唱片,你会买什么
解析:过去 had donewould / could / should / might have done

A. would you buy B. had you bought C. would you be buying D.. would you have bought

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7. If I ______ in the twenty fifth century , I _____ my vacation in very different way
翻译:如果我生活在25世纪,我会以一种完全不同的方式来度过我的假期
解析:将来时态 were to do / should do

A.. should live ; would spend B. will live ; should spend
C. are living ; should have spent D. will be living ; would have spent

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8. “ I think that the Smiths were embarrassed by Jane’s generosity.”
“ She insisted ______ it as a gift.”
翻译:我想史密斯一家对简的慷慨感到尴尬 她坚持要把它当作礼物收下
解析:insist(坚持认为)从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略

A. must accept B. accepting C.. accept D. accepted

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9. Jim would rather we _____ now , but we must go to work.
翻译:吉姆宁愿我们现在不走,但我们必须去上班
解析:would rather(宁愿)后接宾语从句时的虚假
a)''表示现在或将来的愿望时,用一般过去时 (did /were)
b)''表示与过去相反的愿望时,用过去完成时(had done)

A. not leave B. had not left C.. didn’t leave D. not to be left

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10._____ at the price list , he’d have known what to expect.
翻译:曾先生。 罗宾逊看了一下价目表,他就知道会发生什么了
解析:he’d have known == 情态动词 have done 过去
过去 had done would / could / should / might have done

A.. Had Mr . Robinson looked B. If Mr . Robinson looked
C. If Robinson would have looked D. Had Mr.Robinson been looking

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11. My suggestion is that the experiment ____ in another way.
翻译:我的建议是用另一种方法做这个实验
解析:suggest(建议)从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略

A. is done B. will be done C. has been done D.. be done

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12. We didn’t know his telephone number , otherwise we ____ him.
翻译:我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就给他打电话了
解析:otherwise(否则) 一些短语等形式暗示虚拟语气的存在,

A. would telephone B.. would have telephoned C. had telephoned D. must have telephoned

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13. It is high time that such a ________ an end to.
翻译:该是停止这样的事情的时候了
解析:It is( about / hight )time + that + 从句 表示“该做...的时候了”
从句谓语动词用 “过去式” 或 “should + 动词原型” ,注意这个句型中的 should 不能省略


A. put B. must be put C. is put D. should be put

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14. _____ tomorrow , he would be able to see the opening ceremony.
翻译: 如果他明天来的话,他就能看开幕式了
解析: tomorrow 将来 , 将来were to do / should do would / could / should / might do


A. Would he come B. If he comes C. Was he coming D.. Were he to come

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15. If I _____ in your place , I would not see her again since she is so rude.
翻译:如果我是你,我就不会再见到她了,因为她太粗鲁
解析:后面是 would do
现在did / were would (意愿) / could (可以)/ should (应该) / might (可能) do

A. be B. am C. was D.. were

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16. The proposal is that the nation _____ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.
翻译:这项提议是由国家首先发射一艘无人驾驶的宇宙飞船来探索这个星球
解析:proposal (介意) 从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略

A. sent B. sends C.. send D. must send

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17. We required that the machine parts _____ cast iron.
翻译:我们要求机器零件用铸铁制造
解析:require(要求) 从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略

A. is made of B. be made from C.. be made of D. is made by
看不见 (由...制作而成) 看得见 (由...制作而成)
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18. I’d rather the two countries _______ an end to the war . Then their people could live in peace.
翻译:我宁愿这两个国家结束这场战争。 然后他们的人民就可以和平生活了
解析: would rather(宁愿)后接宾语从句时的虚假
a)''表示现在或将来的愿望时,用一般过去时 (did /were)
b)''表示与过去相反的愿望时,用过去完成时(had done)
A. puts B. would put C.. put D. should put
put 过去式/过去分词 put
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19. It is necessary that you ______ there in person.
翻译:你有必要亲自到场
解析:necessary(必要的)从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略。

A. are B. were C.. be D. will be

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20. “ If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger ”, the musician says ,
“I _____ able to play so well now”
翻译:如果我年轻的时候没有练习,这位音乐家说 我现在就没有能力弹好了
解析:过去 + 现在

A.. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. wouldn’t have been D. couldn’t have been

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/*真题再现*/

1. It is necessary that all application forms, ________ no later than June.
翻译:所有的申请表必须不迟于六月寄去
解析:necessary(必要的)从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略。

A. sent B. to send C.. be sent D. are sent
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2. We required that the I ___ English well when I was in college.
翻译:我多么希望我在大学时就把英语学好了
解析:与过去相反——> had done

A.. had learned B. learned C. would learn D. would have learned

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3. I don’t think it advisable that Ted_____ to the job since he has little experience.
翻译:我认为指派特德做这项工作是不明智的,因为他没有什么经验
解析: advisable(明智的) 从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略

A. assigned B.. be assigned C. was assigned D. will be assigned

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4. It’s essential that every child ______ the same educational opportunities.
翻译:每个孩子都有同样的教育机会是很重要的
解析:“It is(was)+ essential(必要的)+ that...” 结构中的虚假语气,
从句中谓语动词的形式为“should + 动词原型”,且 should 可以省略。

A. has B.. have C. having D. had

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5. If I _____ in charge of the project now , I’d make better use of the money
翻译:如果我现在负责这个项目,我会更好地利用这笔钱
解析: new 现在时态,
| 现在 | did / were | would (意愿) / could (可以)/ should (应该) / might (可能) do |

A. am B. was C.. were D. have been

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第九章-强调句

1.强调句的基本句型

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/*真题*/
1. It was a good education _____ made him a successful manager in business.
翻译:良好的教育使他成为一个成功的商业经理
解析:
A. when B. what C. that D. which

1.【强调句的基本句型】
[ 强调就是使句子的某一部分比一般情况下显得更加重要。]
[ 英语表达中,要强调句子的某一成分,
一般可用强调句型“ It is (was)+ 被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+ who(that)...”。]
[ It在句中无意义,只起引出被强调部分的作用。
被强调的部分指人时,除可用That外,还可换用who(强调宾语指人时也可用whom)]

a).'' 陈述句的强调句型
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分
例:
原:I met him in the park this morning.
强调主: It was I that met him in the park this morning
— ————————————————————————————————
强调宾: It was him that I met him in the park this morning
——— ———————————————————————————————————
强调地状: It was in the park that I met him this morning
——————————— ————————————————————————

原: I love you
强调 主:It is I that love you.
—— —————————

b).'' 一般疑问句的强调句型只需把 is/was 提到It前面:
例:
Was it Smith who/that broke the window?
是史密斯打碎窗子的吗?


总结:
1.构成强调句的It 本身没有词义。
2.强调句中的连接词一般只用 that/who , that 和 who 不可省略。
3.It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语。如果需要强调谓语时,用肋动词 do/does 或 did.
例:
原句: I like the book 我喜欢这本书
强调句: I do like the book 我真的喜欢这本书
——
4.被强调部分无论是单还是复数,It后的动词均用单数形式,即 is或 was。
例:
It is they who have finished cleaning the classroom.
打扫完教室的是他们

2.强调句与其他从句的区别

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技巧:去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后,剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子
例:
It was yesterday that he met her in the street.
他是昨天在街上遇见她的 (强调时间状语) 【强调句】
(= He met her in the street yester day.)

It was said that he met her in the street yesterday.
据说他昨天在街上遇见了她 【主语从句】
(= That he met her in the street yesterday was said.)

It is obvious that he has lost the game by one score.
很明显,他以一分之差输掉了这场比赛 【主语从句】
(= That he has lost the game by on score is obvious.)

It was an expensive gift that be gave me.
这是他送给我的一份昂贵的礼物 【强调句】
(= He gave me an expensive gift.)

作业

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1. It was after he got the offer _____ he realized it was not so important.
翻译:直到他得到这份工作,他才意识到这份工作并没有那么重要
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
after he got the offer he realized it was not so important
当他得到这份工作后,他意识到这份工作并没有那么重要
【强调句】
A.. that B. When C. since D. as

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2. It was in the factory _____ he picked up a lot of experience.
翻译:他是在工厂里学到了许多经验
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
in the factory he picked up a lot of experience
他在工厂里积累了许多经验
【强调句】
A. which B. who C.. that D. how

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4. It ____ in the famous play that Jane’s brother appeared.
翻译:简的弟弟就是在那出著名的戏里露脸了
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
in the famous play Jane’s brother appeared
在著名的戏简的弟弟露脸了
【强调句】 appeared 过去
A. is B. had been C. has been D.. was

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5. It was for this reason _____ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village.
翻译:正是因为这个原因,她叔叔离开纽约,在一个小村子里定居下来
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
for this reason her uncle moved out of New York and setted down in a small village
因此,她的叔叔离开纽约,在一个小村子里定居下来
【强调句】
A. which B. why C.. that D. how

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6. It is the ablility to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.
翻译:重要的是完成工作的能力,而不是你来自哪里或你是什么
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
ablility to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are
做这项工作的能力与你来自哪里或你是什么无关
【强调句】
A. one B.. that C. what D. it

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7. It was _____ who lent me some money yesterday.
翻译:是他们昨天借给我一些钱的
解析: It was .. who 不作成分,
him 他的、her 她的排除
A. him B. her C. I D.. they

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8. It was at home _____ his family spent their weekend together.
翻译:他的家人是在家里一起度过周末的
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
at home his family spent their weekend together
在家里,他的家人一起过周末
【强调句】
A. since B. for C. as D.. that

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9. It was without saying goodbye ______ her father left her.
翻译:她父亲没有道别就离开了她
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
without saying goodbye her father left her
她父亲没有道别就离开了她
【强调句】
A.. that B. which C. when D. is which

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10. It is the young man ______ will be teacher this term.
翻译:这学期当老师的就是那个年轻人
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
the young man will be teacher this term
这个年轻人这学期将当教师
【强调句】
A.. who B. they C. what D. which

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11. It was in the evening ______ we reached the little town of Winchester.
翻译:我们是在傍晚到达温彻斯特小镇的
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
in the evening we reached the little town of Winchester
傍晚,我们到达了一个叫温彻斯特的小镇
【强调句】
A.. that B. until C. since D. before

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12. It was last year ______ you taught me how to drive.
翻译:你是去年教我开车的
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
last year you taught me how to drive
去年你教我开车
【强调句】
A. when B.. that C. where D. which

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13. It _____ the broken alarm that caused him to wake up late.
翻译:是闹钟坏了才使他醒得晚
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
the broken alarm caused him to wake up late
是坏了的闹钟让他醒来晚了吗
【强调句】 caused 过去式
A.. was B. were C. is D. are

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14. It was in the factory ______ our frined was murdered.
翻译:我们的朋友就是在工厂被谋杀的
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
in the factory our frined was murdered
在工厂里我们的朋友被谋杀了
【强调句】
A. which B.. that C. who D. where

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15. It was in 1997 _____ he began teaching in our school.
翻译:他是在1997年开始在我们学校教书的
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
in 1997 he began teaching in our school
1997年他开始在我们学校教书
【强调句】
A. who B.. that C. where D. how

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16. It is ____ who _____ wrong.
翻译:是我错了
解析:
A. we ; am B. me ; is C.. I ; am D. I ; is

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17. It was the night _____ he spent with me .
翻译:那是他和我共度的一晚
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
the night e spent with me
与我共度的夜晚
【强调句】
A.. that B. where C. as D. when

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18. “ Was it John _____ saved the drowning girl?” .
“Yes , it was.”
翻译:是约翰救了那个快要淹死的女孩吗? 是的,是他
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
john saved the drowning girl
约翰救了溺水的女孩
【强调句】
A. since B. as C.. that D. he

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19. _____ was very _____ that little Jim wrote the letter.
翻译:小吉姆写这封信时非常小心
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
very carefully little Jim wrote the letter
小吉姆非常小心地写这封信
【强调句】
A. It ; careful B.. It ; carefully C. He ; careful D. He ; carefully

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20. “ Was it they _____ discovered the entrance to the underground palace?”.
“Yes , totally by chance.”
翻译:是他们发现了地下宫殿的入口吗? 是的完全是运气
解析:先判断是否是强调句,去掉强调结构 It is(was)... that(who)...后
they discovered the entrance to the underground palace
他们发现了地下宫殿的入口
【强调句】
A.. who B. why C. when D. which

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第十章-倒装句

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      /*真题*/
1.Not until that day _____ the importance of good manners in a job interview.
A. I realized B. I have realized C.did I realize D. will I realize

起来不愿做奴隶的人们。 不愿做奴隶的人们起来 【倒装】
轻轻地,你走了。 不是倒装
树下坐着一个土豪。 一个土豪坐在树下 【倒装】

英语句子按主谓排列顺序
通常分为正常语序和倒装语序。
正常语序 的结构是 “ 主语+谓语 ”
倒装语序 为 “ 谓语(或谓语的一部分)+ 主语 ”
倒装分为 全部倒装 与 部分倒装。

1.全部倒装

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全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前,此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
Here comes the car.
1. 在 there be 或者 there live
(stand , appear , seem , remain , exist...)句型中,用全部倒装
例:
There lived an old fisherman in the village.
村子里住着一位老渔夫

原: An old fisherman lived there in the village.

-------------------------------------------------

There stands a little girl.
一个小女孩站在那儿

原: A little girl stands there.


2. 在“ out/in , up/down , off/away , in the distance ,
on the hill , round the corner , here/there , now/then ”
等表示时间、方向或地点的词位于句首的句型中,用全部倒装(谓+主)。
'时间/地点/方向 + 谓 + 主 (主语必须是名词)
———————————————————————

例:
In came a stranger in black.
一个穿黑衣服的陌生人进来了。

Out rushed the children.
孩子们冲出去了

At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel.
那座小教堂矗立在山顶上

In the fields of poppies lay the dying soldiers.
罂粟地里躺着奄奄一息的士兵们。

In front of the house stands a tree.
屋前有一棵树

b) ''倒装句中的主谓一致。在副词
here , there , now , then
up , down , in , out , away
等引导的倒装结构中,谓语动词的数由动词后面的主语决定。
例:
On the wall hang two maps.
墙上挂着两张地图(主:two maps 谓:hang)

On the wall hangs a world of map.
墙上挂着一张世界地图。(主:a world of map 谓:hangs)

3.有时为了强调表语,构成“ 表语 + 系动词 + 主语 ”结构 【了解非考点】
例:
Gone are the days when women were looked down upon!
不尊重妇女的日子已经过去了!

4.有某些表示祝愿的句型中。【了解非考点】
例:
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
中华人民共和国万岁!


/*练习*/

5. Among the mountains ______ , which is my birth place.
翻译:群山之中矗立着一个村庄,那就是我的出生地
A. a Village stands B.. stands a village
C. there stands a village D. does a village stand

10. _____ and caught the mouse.
翻译:猫跳起来抓住了老鼠
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped
C.. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat

16. On the wall _____ two large portraits.
翻译:墙上挂着两幅大画像
A. hangs B.. hang
C. hanged D. hanging

2.部分倒装

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'部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如 肋动词 或 情态动词 倒装到主语之前。

Never have I seen such a beautiful place
我从未见过这么漂亮的地方

/* 部分倒装: 否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型) */

例:
I will never hurt you
我永远不会伤害你

never will I hurt you

1. '句首为否定或半否定的词语' *
no , not(不,没有) , never(从不)* , seldom(很少)*
little(几乎没有)* , hardly (几乎不)* , scarcely (几乎不)*
at no time(决不), by no means(决不), on no account(决不)
in no case (决不) , under no circumstances (决不)*,
in no way(决不) , not until ... (直到...才) 等。

/* 部分倒装: 否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型) */

例:
过去时态 肋动词 不明显
|
I seldom watched movie alone
我很少一个人看电影
seldom did I watch movie alone

Never have I seen such a performance.
我从来没有看过这样的表演
原: I have never seen such a performance

Nowhere will you find the answer to his question
你找不到这个问题的答案的
原: you will nowhere find the answer to his question

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room
母亲直到孩子入睡后才离开房间
原: Not until the child fell asleep | the mother left the room
从句 主句

/* 当 Not until 引导主从复合句时,主句倒装,从句不倒装。 */

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room
母亲直到孩子入睡后才离开房间
原: Not until the child fell asleep | the mother left the room
从句 主句


/*练习*/
2. Never in my life _____ such a thing.
翻译: 我一生中从未听说过或见过这样的事
解析:Never ——> 完成时态, have done
A. I have heard or have seen B.. have I heard or seen
C. I have heard or seen D. did I hear or see

4. By no means ______ our mistakes.
翻译: 我们决不应该忽视自己的错误
解析:ought...to... ——> 应该
A. we ought ignore B. we ought to ignore
C. ought we ignore D.. ought we to ignore


2. '否定词组 部分倒装' *
Not only ... but also / also... (不但...而且...)
Hardly/Scarcely ... when ( 一...就... )
No sooner ... than ( 一...就... )
【前倒后不倒】
/* 部分倒装: 否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓 */
例:
Not only did he refuse the gift , he also severely criticized the sender.
他不但没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

Hardly / Scarcely had she gone out when a student came to visit her .
她刚出门,就有个学生来访

No sooner had he arrived than we wanted leave .
他刚到我们就要离开了

3. ' only 在句首倒装时 , only + 状语 ,句子部分倒装; only + 状语从句 ,主句部分倒装' *
例:
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
只有昨天 , 他才发现他的手表不见了。

Only in this way can you learn English well
只有这样,你才能学好英文。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
叫了三次,他才来参加会议。

' 如果 only + 状语从句位于句首,则语句部分倒装,从句不倒装。'

Only when he is seriously ill / does he ever stay in bed.
当病得很重时,他才卧床休息。

Only when he returned home / did he realize what had happened
当他回到家时,才意识到出了什么事。


4. 'so 用在句首,表示另一主语 “也...”时,
'用“so + be 动词/肋动词/情态动词+主语” 结构;
'而表示另一主语 “也不...” 时,
'用“nor/nerither + be 动词/肋动词/情态动词+主语”结构

例:
Tom can speak French , so can Jack
汤姆会说法语,杰克也会

If you won’t go , neither will I.
如果你不去,我也不去


5. '在so...that...和 such... that... 句型中,
'如果“so + 形容词/副词” 和 “such + 名词” 置于句首,主句使用部分倒装。'*
例:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
他害怕得很,动也不敢动。

So difficult was the exam that most of the students failed to pass it.
考试如此难,以至于大多数同学没能考过。


6. 'as/though 引导的让步状语从句由于语法需要,可将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、名词、动词原型提前)
名词/形容词 + as + 主 + 系
—————————————————————————
例:
Shortest as/though she is , she is the richest.
虽然她是最矮的,但她最富有

Child as he is , he knows a lot.
虽然他是个孩子,但他懂得很多
(倒装后,名词提前,单数名词前不用冠词)

Praised as he was , he remained modes
尽管他受到赞扬,但他仍然是模范
(倒装后,过去分词提前)

7. '在 if 虚拟语气条件句中从句
'可将 If 省略,把 were , had , should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。

虚拟语气:
【过去】 had done would / could / should / might have done
【现在】 did / were would (意愿) / could (可以)/ should (应该) / might (可能) do
【将来】 were to do / should do would / could / should / might do

例:
Should It rain tomorrow , we would not play basketball.
如果明天下雨,我们就不打篮球了
= IF it should rain tomorrow , we would not play basketball.
虚拟语气

Had I prepared well , I couldn’t have lost the job.
如果我做了充分的准备,我就不会失去那份工作
= If I had prepared well , I couldn’t have lost the job.

Were I you , I would try it again.
如果我是你,我会再试一次
= If I were you , I would try it again.

作业

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1. Only when you have got enough data _____ come to a reasonable conclusion.
翻译:只有当你有足够的数据时,你才能得出合理的结论
解析:only 在句首倒装时 , only + 状语 ,句子部分倒装; only + 状语从句 ,主句部分倒装
如果 only + 状语从句位于句首,则语句部分倒装,从句不倒装。
A.. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can
would + do 过去将来时

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Never in my life _____ such a thing.
翻译:我一生中从未听说过或见过这样的事
解析:Never ——> 完成时态, have done
A. I have heard or have seen B.. have I heard or seen
C. I have heard or seen D. did I hear or see

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3. ____ five minutes earlier , you would not have missed the last train for Shanghai , but you were late.
翻译:如果你早来五分钟,你就不会错过开往上海的最后一班火车,但是你来晚了
解析: 在 if 虚拟语气条件句中从句
可将 If 省略,把 were , had , should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。
【过去】 had done would / could / should / might have done
【现在】 did / were would (意愿) / could (可以)/ should (应该) / might (可能) do
【将来】 were to do / should do would / could / should / might do
过去用 had
A.. Had you come B. Do you come C. Did you come D. Should you come


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. By no means _____ our mistakes.
翻译: 我们决不应该忽视自己的错误
解析:ought...to... ——> 应该
by no means(决不) 1. '句首为否定或半否定的词语' 部分倒装: 否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A. we ought ignore B. we ought to ignore C. ought we ignore D.. ought we to ignore

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5. Among the mountains ______ , which is my birth place.
翻译:群山之中矗立着一个村庄,那就是我的出生地
解析:时间/地点 /方向 + 谓 + 主 (主语必须是名词)
A. a Village stands B.. stands a village
C. there stands a village D. does a village stand

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6. So _____ in the darkness that he didn’t dare to move an inch .
翻译:他在黑暗中如此害怕,以至于他不敢移动一寸
解析 1. 如果“so + 形容词/副词” 和 “such + 名词” 置于句首,主句使用部分倒装。
2. so 用在句首,表示另一主语 “也...”时,用“so + be 动词/肋动词/情态动词+主语” 结构;
A. he was frightened B. was he frightened C. frightened he was D.. frightened was he

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7. “ I went to visit the Great Wall yesterday afternoon”.
“ Oh , did you ? _________ ”
翻译:昨天下午我去参观了长城 , 哦,是吗? 我也去了
解析:so 用在句首,表示另一主语 “也...”时,
A.. So did I B. So I did C. Nor did I D. Neither I did

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8. Only after I read the text over again ______.
翻译:我把课文再读一遍后才知道
解析:only 在句首倒装时 , only + 状语 ,句子部分倒装; only + 状语从句 ,主句部分倒装
如果 only + 状语从句位于句首,则语句部分倒装,从句不倒装。
否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A. that I knew B.. did I know C. I could know D. I did know

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9. So excited _____ that he couldn’t say a word.
翻译: 他似乎激动得一句话也说不出来
解析: 1. 主系表 : 主 + be + so + 形容词 = So + 形容词 + be + 主
2. 主谓宾 : 主 + 谓 + so + 形容词/副词 = So + 形容词/副词 + 肋 + 主 + 谓
excited 过去式 肋动词did
A. he seemed B.. did he seem C. was he seeming D. he did look

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10. ______ and caught the mouse.
翻译:猫跳起来抓住了老鼠
解析:时间/地点/方向 + 谓 + 主 (主语必须是名词)
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped C.. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat

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11. Not until the arrived home ______ he find that this wallet had been stolen.
翻译:直到他到家才发现这个钱包被偷了
解析:当 Not until 引导主从复合句时,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A.. did B. would C. when D. that

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12. Not only _____ woking hard , but also _____ very polite.
翻译:这个男孩不仅工作努力,而且很有礼貌
解析:Not only ... but also / also... (不但...而且...)
【前倒后不倒】 部分倒装: 否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓
A. the boy is ; he is B.. is the boy ; he is C. the boy is ; is he D. is the doy ; is he

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13. ______ , he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
翻译:尽管他很努力,但他似乎总不能把工作做得很漂亮
解析:As 虽然
1.主谓 谓 + as + 主 + 肋
A.. Try as he does B. As he tries C. Try as does he D. As try he does

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14. Little _____ about his own health though he was very ill.
翻译:虽然他病得很重,但他不关心自己的健康
解析: little(几乎没有)
部分倒装:否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
was 过去式 用 did
A. he cared B.. did he care C. he cares D. does he care

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15. Not a single song _____ at yesterday’s party.
翻译:她在昨天的晚会上连一首歌也没唱
解析: not(不,没有) 部分倒装: 否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A. she sang B. sang she C.. did she sing D. she did sing

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16. On the wall _____ two large portraits.
翻译:墙上挂着两幅大画像
解析:no 部分倒装: 地 + 谓 + 主 two hang 谓语动词 复数 hangs 单三
A. hangs B.. hang C. did hang D. hanging

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17. In the sun _____ a group of young soldiers.
翻译:在阳光下站着一群年轻的士兵
解析:soldiers 复数 不需要三单 地 + 谓 + 主
A. did stand B. stands C. standing D.. stood

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18. _______ , he can speak English as well as French very fluently.
翻译: 虽然他是中国人,但他英语和法语都说得很流利
解析: as/though 引导的让步状语从句由于语法需要,可将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、名词、动词原型提前)
名词/形容词 + as + 主 + 系
A.. Chinese as he is B. Chinese as is he C. A Chinese as he is D. A Chinese as is he

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19. At no time in his life ______ braver than in that case.
翻译: 他一生中从来没有像这次那样勇敢过
解析:at no time(决不) 部分倒装:
否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A. has been he B. he has heen C.. has he been D. been has he


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20. ______ forever are the days ______ we Chinese people were looked down upon in the world.
翻译: 我们中国人在世界上被轻视的日子一去不复返了
解析:
A. Going ; when B.. Gone ; when C. Go ; when D. Gone ; by then

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/*真题*/

1. Not until that day _____ the importance of good manners in a job interview
翻译:直到那天我才意识到在面试中礼貌的重要性
解析:当 Not until 引导主从复合句时,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A. I realized B. I have realized C.. did I realizze D. will I realize

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2. Not until this morning ______ that he is the last one
in class to know about their math teachers resignation.
翻译: 直到今天早上他才意识到他是班里最后一个知道数学老师辞职的人
解析:当 Not until 引导主从复合句时,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A. he realized B. realized he C.. did he realize D. he did realize

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3. Only after liberation _______ to be treated as human beings.
翻译:直到解放后,他们才开始被当作人来对待
解析:only 在句首倒装时 , only + 状语 ,句子部分倒装; only + 状语从句 ,主句部分倒装
如果 only + 状语从句位于句首,则语句部分倒装,从句不倒装。
否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓(原型)
A.. did they begin B. they had begun C. they did begin D. had they begun

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4. Not only ______ polluted but ______ crowded.
翻译: 这个城市不仅被污染了,而且街道也很拥挤
解析:Not only ... but also / also... (不但...而且...)
【前倒后不倒】 部分倒装: 否定词 + 肋动词/情态动词 + 主 + 谓
A. was the city ; were the streets B. the city was ; were the streets
C.. was the city ; the streets were D. the city was ; the streets were

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5. She wanted to go swimming , _________
翻译: 她想去游泳,她哥哥也想去
解析: 1. 如果“so + 形容词/副词” 和 “such + 名词” 置于句首,主句使用部分倒装。
2. so 用在句首,表示另一主语 “也...”时,用“so + be 动词/肋动词/情态动词+主语” 结构;
A. so her brother did B.. so did her brother C. too her brother D. did her brother too